
                             Alsa-sound-mini-HOWTO
                                       
Valentijn Sessink valentyn@alsa-project.org
Ķ: ñd yorkwu@ms4.hinet.net

   媩v0.2, 2000~615 (v0.2, 18 May 1999)
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   yz Linux  AKSA Xʵ{w. ѩ󥦭̬ۮe. oӭXʵ{
   iHΨӨN`ΪXʵ{.
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. Introduction

     * 1.1 
     * 1.2 u
     * 1.3 󪺷sb?
     * 1.4 ^X
     * 1.5 ɪ`Nƶ
       
2. b}ʤe

     * 2.1 
     * 2.2  ALSA Xʵ{@T
     * 2.3 䴩w
     * 2.4 䥦 HOWTO
       
3. pw ALSA Xʵ{

     * 3.1 zݭn
     * 3.2 oXʵ{
     * 3.3 Ѷ}Xʵ{
     * 3.4 sĶ
     * 3.5 ǳƳ]
       
4. JXʵ{

     * 4.1  modprobe wXʵ{
     * 4.2 idӥέXʵ{?
     * 4.3 ۰ʰɫJXʵ{
     * 4.4 ϥ kerneld ӸJ
     * 4.5 Veۮe
       
5. դΨϥ

     * 5.1 /proc ɮרt
     * 5.2 V
     * 5.3 /dev/snd/ U]
     * 5.4 B~T
       
6. pޥΰDư

     * 6.1 sĶXʵ{
     * 6.2 JXʵ{
     * 6.3 Xʵ{JF... iOSn
     * 6.4 @ʫب
     * 6.5 ^
     * 6.6 pޥ: ť CD ...
     * 6.7 pޥ: w MIDI ǦCXʰʵ{
     * 6.8 pޥ: s֤? sҲ!
     * 6.9 pޥ: KDE  ALSA Xʵ{
     * 6.10 pޥ: ϥ ALSA ]
     * 6.11 pޥ: ҦҲ
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. Introduction

   oO ALSA Xʵ{ mini HOWTO. ѱzwˤΨϥ ALSA X
   ʵ{T. ALSA Xʵ{OҲդ, ä䴩 kerneld  kmod. M
   OSS API ۮe, WVFi. @y: ۮe, n.
   
1.1 

   ]tFڱq ALSA Xʵ{o쪺T. 䵲cO SB-mini-HOWTO
   Ӫ, DnOcMڲzQܱ. P¦ [1]SGMLTools n, 
   o HOWTO uΤ@Ӧ@Ϊl, iHͦhخ榡.  Erik Warmelink
   վ\(proof reading), ٦ Alfred Munnikes ѫܦhDMUب,
   Yamahata Isaku ½Ķ, H Miodrag Vallat ½k. U, Steve
   Crowd ܦnխqF, H Marc-Aur`ele Darche, Piotr Ingling,
   Juergen Kahrs  Tim Pearce ѦΪpޥ(tip)μW.
   
1.2 u

   1.4  - 1999 ~ 5  18 . [JFk媩 URL, Fh URL.
   
   1.3  - 1999 ~ 5  16 .  Jaroslav, b ALSA peؤF
   HOWTO sa. ], qlκ}Fǧ.
   
   1.2  - 1999 ~ 5  11 . XBs.
   
   1.1  - 1999 ~ 3  11 . bs 0.3 Xʵ{[JF@ǭĥd
   Xʵ{. gF@I 2.2 ֤ߪ.
   
   1.0  - 1999 ~ 2  8 . bDѨM`[iFǪF, ݨZF.
   
   0.3 beta  - 1999 ~ 1  20 . b ALSA WFs. ! שO
   F!
   
   0.2 alpha . 1999 ~ 1 뤤. Ĥ@ sgml .
   
   0.1 alpha . 1999 ~ 1 . Ĥ@, hƬO HTML.
   
   Still: please submit any patches in plain English, you native
   speakers! ٦: ϥέ^yU, ЦhH­^媺 patch!
   
1.3 󪺷sb?

   ̷sib [2]http://www.alsa-project.org./~valentyn.
   
   䥦榡( html, sgml, txt)b [3]other-formats ؿU.
   
   Yamahata Isaku ½ĶF媩, N|b饻 ALSA ,
   [4]http://plaza21.mbn.or.jp/~momokuri/alsa/index.html
   
   Miodrag Vallat ½Fk媩, ib
   [5]http://www.freenix.fr/unix/linux/HOWTO/mini/Alsa.html.
   
   pGzN½䥦y, ڪD, ڱNboవӳs.
   
1.4 ^X

   o HOWTO , ݭnUŲ̄U, ~VӶVn. pGzĳ, 
   , ηN, ЧiD@ ( [6]alsa-howto@alsa-project.org) ڱN|bU@
   յۥ[JoǷN.
   
   Ъ`N: ٨Sܦh ALSA Xʵ{H, W[w. Y
   O "§A..." n. ]\夤[J "ڪYjbe"  "o̧٬Oݤ
   " oǸܨäOܧxa! (?) (O Please note: I do not get a lot
   of mail about the ALSA drivers and any addition is welcome. Even a
   ``thank you for'' is appreciated - maybe it's not too much work to add
   a ``I appreciated most'' or ``this-or-that was not immediately clear
   to me''-section. )
   
   pGzbŪФWΥHwΦo榹, бzeڤ@. аeڪ
   ua}. ]ЦҼ{@U Linux pe@I^m, H Linux KO
   . ЩM Linux HOWTO դH Tim Bynum ( [7]linux-howto@metalab.unc.edu
   ) pHohT.
   
1.5 ɪ`Nƶ

   Copyright 1998/1999 Valentijn Sessink
   
   媩v Valentijn Sessink  ñd Ҧ (1999)
   
   (vŨӵn)
   
   This HOWTO is free documentation; you can redistribute it and/or
   modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
   published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
   License, or (at your option) any later version.
   
    HOWTO OۥѤ; ziHbXGѦۥѳn|X GNU @뤽}
   өҸUs/έק復. ziHθӰӤĤG(z)
   ᪺.
   
   This document is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
   without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of
   merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. See the GNU
   General Public License for more details.
   
   󤧴, OƱ঳, ѥO; YϬO ӷ~W  XSw
   γ~ tOҥL. ԱЬ GNU @뤽}.
   
   You can obtain a copy of the GNU General Public License by writing to
   the [8]Free Software Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA
   02139, USA.
   
   ziHgH [9]ۥѳn|, a}O 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA
   02139, USA. Өo GNU @뤽}.
   
2. b}ʤe

2.1 

   Uzb Linux UwˤΨϥ ALSA Xʵ{. ѦҨtΨϥ
   AMD/K6 (x86 ۮe),  Slackware 3.5 oM. LӸ˦b
    Linux oM󳣤D. Ѥ ALSA Xʵ{O_ib䥦xϥ
   oӪ. Alpha wgҩi. ڳou x86 PC, ҥHznOh
   Ƴw.
   
   Ū Linux Sound HOWTO(Ьݨ䥦 HOWTO @`)iU,  HOWTO
   DnObQ׮֤ߤتXʵ{.
   
2.2  ALSA Xʵ{@T

   ALSA Xʵ{쥻OgӨN Gravis UltraSound d Linux ֤Xʵ{
   . ҳoNoܦ\, @̫K}l ALSA pe, HҲժ]p, g
   @ӵXحĴ@Xʵ{.
   
   M OSS/Free  OSS/Linux Xʵ{ۮe(֤ߪXʵ{), 
   OSS ߰ʵ{n. @uIiHb
   [10]http://www.alsa-project.org/intro.htmlݨ.
   
   ALSA peDb [11]http://www.alsa-project.org/
   
2.3 䴩w

   ALSA Xʵ{Ȥ䴩ĥd. bg@, HUdQ䴩:
     * ϥ Trident 4D Wave DX/NX d, P Trident Microsystem 
       F ALSA "Ĥ@" GPL Xʵ{( MIXER  PCM ]), HΥL̪ 4D
       Wave PCI Ĵ. Ь
       http://www.tridentmicro.com/HTML/products%20folder/audio.htm o
       hT. oXʵ{{wb CVS, Nb ALSA 0.3.0-pre5 [J.
     * Gravis Ultrasound (GUS): "PnP",  Extreme, Classic/ACE, MAX
     * ϥ GUS d: Dynasonic 3-D, STB Sound Rage 32, UltraSound
       32-Pro (STB)
     * nQd: 1.0, 2.0, Pro, 16, AWE32/64, PCI64
     * ESS AudioDrive ESx688
     * ESS ES18xx (chipsets). Ъ`NڭӤHb ESS1888 WgLܦh·. o
       Xʵ{}o̤wɤOF, but to no avail.
     * ESS Solo-1 ES1938
     * Yamaha: OPL3-SA2, OPL3-SA3 ()
     * OAK Mozart
     * Schubert 32 PCI (PINE, S3 SonicVibes PCI )
     * Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1370/1371 PCI ĥd (Soundblaster PCI64)
     * SonicVibes PCI ĥd (PINE Schubert 32 PCI)
       
   ۤ@j Crystal Semiconductors d䴩. oǴibܦhwW
   ݨ, bĥdW(p Philips PCA tC), ]DOت(p IBM
   Aptiva, Dell computers) HUզ䴩.
     * 4232
     * 4232A
     * 4235
     * 4236B
     * 4237B
     * 4238B
     * 4239
       
   sCbXʵ{M󤤪 doc/SOUNDCARDS i.
   
2.4 䥦 HOWTO

   ALSA-sound-mini-HOWTO uOgA. ǱΤUogNI²F, ݨ䥦
   HOWTO izU. ڷ|IXzզw ALSA Xʵ{ɥi|IW@
   Ǫp. @ӻ, HOWTO iHb metalab(e sunsite)g (mirror
   site). ]Х [12]http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/mirrors.html, h
   A̪g\Ū. ziHb LDP/HOWTO ؿU HOWTO . Ъ`
   N: 󪺳sO۹ /LDP/HOWTO/mini . pGzqgoܤ@Px
   , zNo HOWTO.
   
   t~ 2.2.x ֤ߧ@IɥR. b 2.2.x tC֤߸, Ĥ䴩NpP䥦䴩
   @, ٯ, MzߺDΪkP.  HOWTO (N䥦 HOWTO @) H
   2.0 tC֤߬D, Lڷ|յ̤۫PI. ڱNܰ[Jϥ
   HOWTO W 2.2 tCF.
   
  ĥd
  
   ]\zwgRFĥd, Ʀܤwg˦bzqnX~F. {bziHΥ
   F! iHݬ [13]Sound-HOWTO, ݬݬOOȱo_oӭI. (z]\QRs
    Mega-Rumble-Blaster d, ո ALSA Xʵ{.
   
  HYΪd
  
   hƦb Intel xsĥdO ISA PnP d, O "Plug and Play" Yg. 
   NOoidgѧ@~tγ]w. ob}ɸgѤ@ӵ{ǧ. z]
   \ݭnB PnP-utils Mӧ]w. ̪񪺨C Linux oM󳣥]to
   Ǥu. Ϊkаѷ [14]Plug-and-Play-HOWTO
   
   ALSA Xʵ{G@ǥd@Ǧۤv ISA HYΤ䴩. MӤ,
   ] Lk, ڵLkVz. pGHQ ALSA Ĥ
   Q ISA-PnP-tools, еڤ@I.
   
  iJҲ
  
   ALSA Xʵ{OجҲժ. ziHb [15]Kernel-HOWTO oҲ
   hT. ] module-HOWTO, ثew LH@; Цb Howto-HOWTO 
   ̬ݬݵLH@󨺤p`.  [16]Modules-mini-HOWTO γ\. (?)
   
  Kerneld
  
   t~@ӹYǤHΪ HOWTO O [17]Kerneld-mini-HOWTO. Kerneld O
   bݭnɤ~wˤβ֤߼Ҳժ `n{(daemon). (̹惡Sg, 
   HwﴣѥT. ALSA Xʵ{ ]tF@]w kerneld 
   T, äw]t mini-HOWTO.)
   
3. pw ALSA Xʵ{

3.1 zݭn

     * @Mʪ Linux t(p Slackware oM), æw˶}ouM
       ( gcc, make ).)
     * 䴩ĥd
     * @ Linux (z`no "ls", "cd", "tar" . )
     * root b
       
   pGz PnP d, z]ݭn:
     * isapnptools nM
       
   bX{ؿ INSTALL ɤ崣靈ǥdXʵ{wgBz PnP 
   䴩. ڤ]q Jaroslav o@˪I. pGڱNӱohT, ڷ|
   N̥[i mini-HOWTO. (O The INSTALL text in the driver
   directory suggests that for some cards, PnP support is native. I also
   received a suggestion from Jaroslav about this. When I get further
   information about this topic I will add it to this mini-HOWTO. }
   
   Ъ`NpGzQϥ ALSA Xʵ{, zӥJ䥦Xʵ{
   . pGz֤ߤtXʵ{, 򦳥nsĶ֤. pGzb
   ª sound.o Ҳ, zѰ. pGzϥ kerneld, oiNOnzR
   h /lib/modules/<֤ߪ>/misc ؿU sound.o. s RedHat tΪ
   Xʵ{´覡Ӥ@, nJnXӼҲ, oرpzݭnѰ 
   Ҳ.
   
   2.2 ֤߹ﭵīhĥΤFs覡. zӭn]tĪ䴩! O, S
   , zb֤ߤ[JFﭵĪ䴩, S]t󭵮ĥd. M᭫s
   ĶΦwˮ֤, ۽sĶ ALSA Xʵ{.
   
3.2 oXʵ{

   ALSA Xʵ{ib [18]ftp://ftp.alsa-project.org/pub , åBb
   [19]ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa @g(mirror). nw ALSA \
   , zݭnXʵ{, 禡wΤ@Ǥε{; ]NOpGzgz
    [20]ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa/driver/alsa-driver-0.3.0-pre4.tar.gz,
   [21]ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa/lib/alsa-lib-0.3.0pre4.tar.gz, ٦
   [22]ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa/utils/alsa-utils-0.3.0-pre4.tar.gz. (,
   WO㪺s, z̦naIݬݦSs, ç̷s.)
   
3.3 Ѷ}Xʵ{

   ΦXzRO tar -zxf <file> Ѷ}Xʵ{. HUOgsα`ѰO
   H: (You extract the drivers by some reasonable command, like the
   all-time tar -zxf <file>. For newbies and for those with amnesia:)
   
cd /usr/src

tar -zxf ~/alsa-driver-0.3.0-pre4.tar.gz

   (pG\F, zi@ϥ root it, oO諸, UӨŪ@U
   DOS/Win95-to-Linux-HOWTO. Oo˪, zwgDoOtκ
   z(administrative), zݭn superuser/root v. ҥH, zݭn root
   v, J su HαKX.
   
tar -zxf ~/alsa-lib-0.3.0pre4.tar.gz

tar -zxf ~/alsa-utils-0.3.0-pre4.tar.gz

   Uo˪RO]iH, B󦳽: find ~ -name alsa* -exec tar -zxf {} \;
   (Ĥl, nbaճo, ouOӽdҦӤw. )`NpGzϥ Netscape U
   Xʵ{, ziUOѶ}L, ɦW٬O .tgz. pG tar 
   ׮榡,  tar RO "z" ﶵh, iHonG.
   
3.4 sĶ

   bziHsĶΨϥΨ禡wHe, zݭnXʵ{. ӦF禡w~iH
   sĶϥΤε{. ҥHڭ̶}la:
   
cd alsa-driver-0.3.0-pre4

   (ǤӦg窺: b "alsa-d" ᱵ۫ <tab> ("tab" ). o˴N|s
   X ROC۰ʸɧ(command line completion).)
   
   (Ķ`: n½k?)
   
./configure

make

   {bzݭn root w˪FF(izwgO root F)
   
make install

   pG^ "version.h" ɧ䤣줧, ziSwˮ֤߭lX.
   nsĶ ALSA Xʵ{ݭn֤߭lX@ɮ, ҥHzQΪ
   linux-2.x.y.tar.gz b /usr/src UѶ}, äU make menuconfig RO. (
   W, make symlinks iNF). {bsĶ禡w:
   
cd ../alsa-lib-0.3.0-pre4

./configure

make

make install

   OK, zwg\F, AӬOε{:
   
cd ../alsa-utils-0.3.0-pre4

./configure

make

make install

   `N: bĤ@sĶε{ɥi "make install". ƦܱziHn
   禡wΤε{, uˬd@UTwXʵ{ण.
   
3.5 ǳƳ]

   bXʵ{ؿUөROZ(script)iH ALSA ĳ]ɦw˶i /dev
   ؿ. bXʵ{ؿUJ
   
./snddevices

   pӦ /dev/snd lؿF(ݬݦS. pGzƦܳs "ls" RO
   , ЦҼ{ŪO HOWTO. bw˥Xʵ{ezӦǰ򥻪 Linux 
   ~.)
   
   {bziHwXʵ{F. иU@qa.
   
4. JXʵ{

   بϥ ALSA ļҲժk. ̭ӤHwϥΤʪk, ]NO
   b} ɦwXʵ{. ALSA Xʵ{OHiJ/ҲլؼШӳ]p --
   Ҧp̤|bJ᭫]q -- ҥHziH²aϥ kerneld k.
   
   (Ķ`: 媽Ķ ALSA Xʵ{]piJ/Ҳ, Ķ̻{ OSS ]
   iH o(ut|]q, ҲըϥΪ̨ӻK, MѨMkO
   ( Sound HOWTO)), o½LkY ALSA uI, G½WN. Ʊ
   S~...)
   
   Ф@wn\Ū [23]Veۮeo`, pGzQnMHe{ۮe.
   
4.1  modprobe wXʵ{

   Ъ`N: pGz PnP ĥd, zn]wT(Φܤ֬Ow)
   IO/IRQ/DMA. Ū Plug-and-Play-HOWTO. zwg]wLz HY ĥd
   F? n, ~ŪUh. DnO "modprobe snd-<soundcard>", o
   ӴNiH. LëDҦwˮM󳣧 /sbin ]tbz PATH ܼƤU.
   pGzo "bash: modprobe: command not found" o˪^, iOѩ
   modprobe Sb path . յۥ "/sbin/modprobe snd-sb16", ηQkX
   modprobe ε{b.
   
    Crystal ժdӻi̧x. ALSA Xʵ{oǥdi۰ʰ
   . i@BTObXʵ{ؿU INSTALL ɤ. Uӵ|
   Ҥl, Mᱵ۬OӦC:
   
   Gravis UltraSound (GUS) άۮed:
   
/sbin/modprobe snd-gusclassic

   粒 16 줸 SoundBlaster d (SoundBlaster 16 (PnP), SoundBlaster
   AWE 32 (PnP), SoundBlaster AWE 64 (PnP):
   
/sbin/modprobe snd-sb16

4.2 idӥέXʵ{?

  Gravis UltraSound Extreme
  
   modprobe snd-gusextreme
   
  Gravis UltraSound MAX
  
   modprobe snd-gusmax
   
  ESS AudioDrive
  
   ESS AudioDrive ES-1688  ES-688 ĥd
   
   modprobe snd-audiodrive1688
   
  Gravis UltraSound PnP
  
   Gravis UltraSound PnP, Dynasonic 3-D/Pro, STB Sound Rage 32 HΨ䥦
   AMD InterWave (tm) ĥd.
   
   modprobe snd-interwave
   
  UltraSound 32-Pro
  
   UltraSound 32-Pro (STB s Compaq ϥ) Ψ䥦ϥ AMD InterWave (tm) 
   HΥ TEA6330T qӰ bass, treble ΥDqd.
   
   modprobe snd-interwave-stb
   
  Soundblaster
  
   8-bit Soundblaster d (SoundBlaster 1.0, SoundBlaster 2.0,
   SoundBlaster Pro)
   
   modprobe snd-sb8
   
  Soundblaster 16
  
   16-bit SoundBlaster d (SoundBlaster 16 (PnP), SoundBlaster AWE 32
   (PnP), SoundBlaster AWE 64 (PnP). Ъ`NҲդ䴩 SoundBlaster
   VibraX16 ĥd.
   
   modprobe snd-sb16
   
  Yamaha OPL3-SA2/SA3 ĥd
  
   O "modprobe snd-opl3sa" OLĪ, Xʵ{|۰ʰ. Ьݫ᭱.
   
  S3 SonicVibes
  
   S3 SonicVibes PCI ĥd. (PINE Schubert 32 PCI)
   
   modprobe snd-sonicvibes
   
  Ensoniq/Soundblaster PCI64
  
   Ensoniq AudioPCI ES1370/1371 PCI ĥd. (SoundBlaster PCI 64)
   
   modprobe snd-audiopci
   
  CS4232/4232A
  
   Ҧϥ CS4232/CS4232A ĥd. O "modprobe snd-card-cs4232"
   S, ۰ʰ, ݫ᭱.
   
  4235 HΨ᪺
  
   Ҧϥ CS4235/CS4236/CS4236B/CS4237B/CS4238B/CS4239 . O
   "modprobe snd-card-cs4236" S, ۰ʰ, ݫ᭱.
   
4.3 ۰ʰɫJXʵ{

   pGznΪXʵ{۰ʰ, zbXʵ{B@eB~
   T. hTibXʵ{ؿU INSTALL ɤ.
   
  OPL3-SA2  OPL3-SA3
  
   ھ INSTALL , zݭnXʵ{@T. pGz isapnp-tools Ӫ
   lƱzd, ]\iHb /etc/isapnp.conf ɤݨ칳U:
   
snd_port - control port # for OPL3-SA chip
snd_wss_port - WSS port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x530,0xe80,0xf40,0x604)
snd_midi_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (0x300,0x330), -1 = disable
snd_fm_port - FM port # for OPL3-SA chip (0x388), -1 = disable
snd_irq - IRQ # for OPL3-SA chip (5,7,9,10)
snd_dma1 - first DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3)
snd_dma1_size - max first DMA size in kB (4-64kB)
snd_dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha OPL3-SA chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
snd_dma2_size - max second DMA size in kB (4-64kB)

   zn "modprobe snd-opl3sa snd_port=0xNNN snd_wss_port=0x530
   snd_midi_port=-1 snd_fm_port=0x388 snd_irq=5 snd_dma1=0
   snd_dma1_size=NN snd_dma2=1 snd_dma2_size=NN" ROӸJXʵ{(S
   midi 䴩, ڤM۫HpGzXQsW Linux D, zݭn. p
   GuOť MIDI ɴNF.)
   
   WҪ "NN" ȱznu, ڤoXzȬOh, ҥH~og. ڤ
   o dma jpѼƬOODni.
   
  CS4232/CS4232A 
  
   ھ INSTALL ɩҨ, oǥdzn midi port T. `NUҤ
   d, ϥε 3235/6/7/8/9 Xʵ{, ڵFҦT(F DMA jp),
   M|. ҥHz]\NγoqROCӸ JXʵ{a! pGzΤF
   isapnp-tools, zib /etc/isapnp.conf ݨoǭ:
   
snd_port - port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
snd_cport - control port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x120)
snd_mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
snd_fm_port - FM port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
snd_jport - joystick port for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x200), -1 =
disable
snd_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
snd_mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
snd_dma1 - first DMA # for CS4232 chip (0,1,3)
snd_dma1_size - max first DMA size in kB (4-64kB)
snd_dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha CS4232 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
snd_dma2_size - max second DMA size in kB (4-64kB)

   зǳ]wȪd, zn "modprobe snd-card-cs4232 snd_port=0x534
   snd_cport=0x120 snd_mpu_port=-1 snd_fm_port=0x388 snd_jport=-1
   snd_irq=5 snd_dma1=0 snd_dma1_size=NN snd_dma2=1 snd_dma2_size=NN" RO
   ӸJXʵ{(S midi 䴩, Ь Yamaha OPL-3 `Nƶ, S, S
   n). pGz /etc/isapnp.conf ȤP, o̪Ȥ]ܤ@U.
   (ΥαzYQQn ;)
   
   WҪ "NN" ȱznu, ڤoXzȬOh, ҥH~og. ڤ
   o dma jpѼƬOODni.
   
  CS4235/CS4236/CS4236B/CS4237B/CS4238B/CS4239 chips
  
   ھ INSTALL ɩҨ, oǥdzn midi port H control port 
   T. `N CS4237B d, ڵFҦT(F DMA jp), M|.
   ҥHz]\NγoqROCӸ JXʵ{, uO snd_port 
   snd_cport Ӥw. pGzΤF isapnp-tools, zib /etc/isapnp.conf 
   oǭ:
   
snd_port - port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x534)
snd_cport - control port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x120)
snd_mpu_port - port # for MPU-401 UART (PnP setup - 0x300), -1 = disable
snd_fm_port - FM port # for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x388), -1 = disable
snd_jport - joystick port for CS4232 chip (PnP setup - 0x200), -1 = disable
snd_irq - IRQ # for CS4232 chip (5,7,9,11,12,15)
snd_mpu_irq - IRQ # for MPU-401 UART (9,11,12,15)
snd_dma1 - first DMA # for CS4232 chip (0,1,3)
snd_dma1_size - max first DMA size in kB (4-64kB)
snd_dma2 - second DMA # for Yamaha CS4232 chip (0,1,3), -1 = disable
snd_dma2_size - max second DMA size in kB (4-64kB)

   zn "modprobe snd-card-cs4232 snd_port=0x534 snd_cport=0x120
   snd_mpu_port=-1 snd_fm_port=0x388 snd_jport=-1 snd_irq=5 snd_dma1=0
   snd_dma1_size=NN snd_dma2=1 snd_dma2_size=NN" ROӸJXʵ{(S
   midi 䴩, Ь Yamaha OPL-3 `Nƶ, S, S䴩n).
   
   `Nƶ:
     * "NN" ȭnu, ڤDXzȬOh֤~og.
     * ڪ CS4237B dSիw DMA jp]αoܦn.
       
4.4 ϥ kerneld ӸJ

   kerneld OӦbݭnɴJҲ, æbAϥήɨ̪Aȵ{
   (daemon). ѩ󵧪̨SιL kerneld, oU TǤǽT. HUT
   Ӧ ALSA Xʵ{M INSTALL .  kerneld ԺɸTib
   kerneld-mini-HOWTO .
   
   ӥHUBJ:
     * s /etc/conf.modules(ᦳd)
     *  'modprobe snd-card', 䤤 snd-card OzĥdW [ ıo_
       , kerneld ӭtdJO? VS]
       
   oO Gravis UltraSound PnP ĥd /etc/conf.modules d:
   
alias char-major-14 snd
alias snd-minor-oss-0 snd-interwave
alias snd-minor-oss-3 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-4 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-5 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-12 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-card-0 snd-interwave
options snd snd_major=14 snd_cards_limit=1
options snd-interwave snd_index=1 snd_id="guspnp" snd_port=0x220 snd_irq=5
snd_dma1=5 snd_dma2=6

   pGzQhd, o঳d(OPɦ Gravis UltraSound Classic 
   Sound Blaster 16 )
   
alias char-major-14 snd
alias snd-minor-oss-0 snd-mixer
alias snd-minor-oss-3 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-4 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-5 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-12 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-card-0 snd-sb16
alias snd-card-1 snd-gusclassic
options snd snd_major=14 snd_cards_limit=2
options snd-sb16 snd_index=1 snd_port=0x220 snd_irq=5 snd_dma8=1 snd_dma16=5
options snd-gusclassic snd_index=2 snd_irq=11 snd_dma1=6 snd_dma2=7

   pG Gravis UltraSound Classic ĥd, NU:
   
alias char-major-14 snd
alias snd-minor-oss-0 snd-mixer
alias snd-minor-oss-3 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-4 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-5 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-minor-oss-12 snd-pcm1-oss
alias snd-card-0 snd-gusclassic
alias snd-card-1 snd-gusclassic
options snd snd_major=14 snd_cards_limit=2
options snd-gusclassic snd_index=1,2 snd_port=0x220,0x260 snd_irq=5,11
snd_dma1=5,6 snd_dma2=7,3

4.5 Veۮe

   pGzQOd OSS/Free  OSS/Linux ۮe, z٭nA[@Xʵ{:
   snd-pcm1-oss Xʵ{,  OSS ۮe. U
   
modprobe snd-pcm1-oss

   RO. oN /dev/audio  /dev/dsp 䴩, N OSS/Free (֤)X
   { OSS/Linux (n 25 )Ұ@. `NouOӤw.
   
5. դΨϥ

   {bӬOոXʵ{OOuΪɭԤF. ̴NOϥΥ.
   
5.1 /proc ɮרt

   ziHb /proc ؿUܦhztΪθT. /proc O@"
   "ɮרt, NYëDusb, ӬOMzb檺U{Ƕs. n
   /proc i, zݭnNsĶi֤. h Linux wˮMwN]w],
   pGzsĶåBèSN /proc ]i, b /proc UN]S.
   
   /proc/modules OFJҲժT.  ALSA Xʵ{J,
   pGz J cat /proc/modules, Ӭݨ칳o˪F:
   
snd-pcm1-oss      4            0
snd-sb16          1            1
snd-sb-dsp        4    [snd-sb16]      0
snd-pcm1          4    [snd-pcm1-oss snd-sb-dsp]      0
snd-pcm           3    [snd-pcm1-oss snd-sb16 snd-sb-dsp snd-pcm1]    0
snd-mixer         3    [snd-pcm1-oss snd-sb16 snd-sb-dsp]      1
snd-mpu401-uart   1    [snd-sb16]      0
snd-midi          4    [snd-sb16 snd-sb-dsp snd-mpu401-uart]   0
snd-opl3          1    [snd-sb16]      0
snd-synth         1    [snd-sb16 snd-opl3]     0
snd-timer         1    [snd-opl3]      0
snd               8    [snd-pcm1-oss snd-sb16 snd-sb-dsp snd-pcm1 snd-pcm snd-m
ixer snd-mpu401-uart snd-midi snd-opl3 snd-synth snd-timer]    0

   pGbwXʵ{ɦBdF, zݨ@ "snd" ], S
   䴩.
   
   Ҧp(ФdUnӵۤUURO, cs4236 Xʵ{ݭnѼ):
   
win3:~# modprobe snd-card-cs4236
/lib/modules/2.0.35/misc/snd-card-cs4236.o: init_module: Device or resource bus
y
snd-mixer: Device or resource busy
win3:~# cat /proc/modules
snd-cs4236        2           0
snd-cs4231        3    [snd-cs4236]    0
snd-timer         1    [snd-cs4231]    0
snd-pcm1          4    [snd-cs4236 snd-cs4231] 0
snd-mixer         3    [snd-cs4236 snd-cs4231] 0
snd-pcm           3    [snd-cs4236 snd-cs4231 snd-pcm1]       0
snd-mpu401-uart   1           0
snd-midi          4    [snd-mpu401-uart]       0
snd-opl3          1           0
snd-synth         1    [snd-opl3]      0
snd-timer         1    [snd-cs4231 snd-opl3]   0
snd               8    [snd-cs4231 snd-timer snd-pcm1 snd-mixer snd-pcm]     0

   ziǥѬ /proc/asound/cards eӬݭĥdO_sb. Ҧp:
   
bash$ cat /proc/asound/cards
0 [card1          : SB16 - Sound Blaster 16
                    Sound Blaster 16 at 0x220, irq 5, dma 1&5

   b誺Ҥl(NOڧѤF[Ѽƪ), X|O:
   
win3:~# cat /proc/asound/cards
--- no soundcards ---

   Y CS4236 d, NHUX
   
0 [card1         ]: CS4236 - CS4237B
                    CS4237B at 0x534, irq 7, dma 1&0

   pGzATˬdz]wT, M䤣쭵ĥd, hݬݰDѨM
   `.
   
   /proc/asound/ ؿܤFXʵ{\hT. Ъ`N
   /proc/asound bzJĤ@ ALSA Ҳի~|X{. pGS
   /proc/asound, NO "snd" ҲըSTw˦n. ziHb
   /proc/asound/cards ɤw˦nd, Mb /proc/asound/0 
   0 d, /proc/asound/1  1 dT.
   
   pG cat /proc/asound/ ܹ
   
      ES1370 DAC2/ADC
      Playback isn't active.
      Record isn't active.

   oOzXʵ{@ܦn, ثeèSư(ҥH@`).
   
   ٦ĤTا䭵ĳ]ƪk, NOpGz OSS ۮeXʵ{, N
   /dev/sndstat ]. ALSA Xʵ{|Kzn̿oǸT, u
   O OSS ۮeӰ.  /proc/asound iH²檺onT.
   
5.2 V

   @zĥd˦n,  /proc ɮרtΤ]oܫ, ziHոկuoXn
   . O, wˤε{M, Φܤ֧ "amixer" RO@ǦXza
   (p /usr/local/bin).  "amixer" ݬݲV]w. amixer X|H
   dPӦܤjܤ, ڪ SoundBlaster16 :
   
Master         0  % (-14.00dB) : 0  % (-14.00dB)
Bass           0  % (-14.00dB) : 0  % (-14.00dB)
Treble         0  % (-14.00dB) : 0  % (-14.00dB)
Synth          0  % (-62.00dB) : 0  % (-62.00dB)
PCM            0  % (-62.00dB) : 0  % (-62.00dB)
Line-In        0  % (-62.00dB) : 0  % (-62.00dB) Mute
MIC            0  % (-62.00dB) : 0  % (-62.00dB) Mute
CD             0  % (-62.00dB) : 0  % (-62.00dB) Mute
In-Gain        0  % (-18.00dB) : 0  % (-18.00dB)
Out-Gain       0  % (-18.00dB) : 0  % (-18.00dB)
PC Speaker     0  % (-18.00dB) : 0  % (-18.00dB)

   ӧڪ Crystal 4237B ĥdܦh䥦ﶵ:
   
Master D       0  % (-22.00dB) : 0  % (-22.00dB) Mute
3D Center      0  % (-22.50dB) : 0  % (-22.50dB)
3D Space       0  % (-22.50dB) : 0  % (-22.50dB) Mute
Synth          0  % (-94.50dB) : 0  % (-94.50dB) Mute
FM             0  % (-94.50dB) : 0  % (-94.50dB) Mute
DSP            0  % (-94.50dB) : 0  % (-94.50dB) Mute
PCM            0  % (-94.50dB) : 0  % (-94.50dB) Mute
Line-In        0  % (-34.50dB) : 0  % (-34.50dB) Mute
MIC            0  % (-22.50dB) : 0  % (-22.50dB) Mute
CD             0  % (-34.50dB) : 0  % (-34.50dB) Mute
Record-Gain    0  % (  0.00dB) : 0  % (  0.00dB)
In-Gain        0  % (-18.00dB) : 0  % (-18.00dB)
Loopback       0  % (-94.50dB) : 0  % (-94.50dB) Mute
Mono           0  % (-45.00dB) : 0  % (-45.00dB) Mute
Aux A          0  % (-34.50dB) : 0  % (-34.50dB) Mute

   `N@U "Mute" @, CS4237B ƦܳsDq]RF.  CS4237B, 
   ٭n amixer "master d" unmute H~oXn. SoundBlaster X
   NSR, L amixer master 100 unmute |NDqѰR, ٳ]
   100%. ziHμƦr, ι "mute"  "unmute" r, γ, ӱ. 
   amixer "master d" 100; amixer pcm 100 unmute iHN CS4237B dDq
   ]̤j, ñN PCM qѰRó]̤j. pGkn@, iHΫ_,
   p amixer CD 25:50.(, ڤo@ӬOknD, Lڱjդ@Uo]
   Mzz\mKY.)
   
   zӤU amixer cd rec HN CD . MU amixer cd
   norecROѰ]w. pGzQngѳJӿǪF, z]\iHU
   amixer record-gain 100; amixer mic 100 rec mute(pGNJJ 
   ]R, J|qz쥻H, |yqC.)
   MӤOڨS amixer ӧ 3D center  3D space q]w.
   pG H\F, Чi. ou@i alsamixer Ӷi.
   
   ALSA FAQ WܥiH cat <file> > /proc/asound/#/mixerC0D0 ROӦ^
   _V]w, 䤤 <file> eO /proc/asound/#/mixerC0D0 o. 
   Lk{ۦPG, ڪq覹]Ƨ䤣.
   
5.3 /dev/snd/ U]

   ALSA Xʵ{b /dev/snd/ ؿUۤvXʵ{. pGz@ĥd,
   ziݨHU]:
   
/dev/snd/pcmC0D0 - oiĥdͭĳ].
/dev/snd/mixerC0D0 - "s"dV].
/dev/snd/controlC0D0 - "s"d].

   Ĥ@ӸXOĴXĥd. ĤGӸXONdW]ƸX. @i
    PCM ]ƪĥdӦ pcmC0D0  pcmc0D1 ].
   
   ЪN: ALSA ]ɦWMªwg@ˤF. ª ALSA Xʵ{
   /dev/snd/pcm00 (Ĥ@ӬOd, ĤGӬO]Ƹ). pGݨ쥻 HOWTO ٦
   ªɦW, мg Email ڥHK.
   
   {bziHNzQťɥiĤ@d PCM ]ƤF. {bոե
   cat r(Υɮ)ei /dev/snd/pcmC0D0, No: cat
   <filename> > /dev/snd/pcmC0D0. 䤤 filename iHONɮ, un
   j. pGzw{, ]iHո. z]iH
   [24]http://www.ldp.org/sounds/english.au. oO Linux Torvalds  Linux
   oӦrpo.
   
   ĳ]ƹwQ]w 8000Hz, 8 줸. oNۭ责쪺 "english.au" |o
   Xn, Ө䥦ɥiu|oX. pGzť, ˬdzz, ΦA
    amixer @MΥhv(Ӥ|O... zզŤF!?) . (yziH
   zw{p sox  mpg123 , ²檺ө񧹥 48KHz, 16 줸n
   .)
   
   pGzJF "snd-pcm1-oss" Ҳ, z]iHQ OSS ۮeʨӦs
   d. ̶HUY:
   
/dev/snd/pcmC0D0 -> /dev/audio0 (/dev/audio) -> s 4
/dev/snd/pcmC0D0 -> /dev/dsp0 (/dev/dsp) -> s 3
/dev/snd/pcmC0D1 -> /dev/adsp0 (/dev/adsp) -> s 12
/dev/snd/pcmC1D0 -> /dev/audio1 -> s 4+16 = 20
/dev/snd/pcmC1D0 -> /dev/dsp1 -> s 3+16 = 19
/dev/snd/pcmC1D1 -> /dev/adsp1 -> s 12+16 = 28
/dev/snd/pcmC2D0 -> /dev/audio2 -> s 4+32 = 36
/dev/snd/pcmC2D0 -> /dev/dsp2 -> s 3+32 = 39
/dev/snd/pcmC2D1 -> /dev/adsp2 -> s 12+32 = 44

5.4 B~T

   b ALSA Xʵ{ؿ INSTALL ɤ]F@Ǥpޥ, iDXʵ{n@
   վ]w. ̷Ӽnγ~, ziݭnγoǩRO. @몺{,
   p mpg123, sox(`H ``play'' ROӰ),  X11 ε{p RealPlayer
   Ψo. ڥH]qSιL.
   
  /proc/asound/#/pcm#0
  
"Playback erase" - MҦ OSS ε{B~T.
"Playback <app_name> <fragments> <fragment_size> [<options>]"
"Record erase" - MҦ OSS ε{B~T.
"Record <app_name> <fragments> <fragment_size> [<options>]"

   <app_name> - ε{W, ]t(uw)Τ]t|.
   
   <fragments> - _(fragment),  0 h۰ʿ.
   
   <fragment_size> - @Ӥ_ byte ,  0 ܦ۰.
   
   <options> - ܩʪѼ
   
   WR_ONLY - pGε{]}ҼҦO_RDWR, ڪvNאּ
   O_WRONLY(),  Quake ܦ...
   
   Xӽd:
   
echo "Playback x11amp 128 16384" > /proc/asound/0/pcm0o
echo "Playback squake 0 0 WR_ONLY" > /proc/asound/0/pcm0o

  /proc/asound/#card#/sb16
  
"Playback 8" -> Xʵ{ɥuϥ 8-bit DMA qD.
"Playback 16" -> Xʵ{ɥuϥ 16-bit DMA qD.
"Playback auto" (default) -> Xʵ{۰ʿ(|ըϥ 16-bit DMA qD)
"Record 8" -> Xʵ{ɥuϥ 8-bit DMA qD.
"Record 16" -> Xʵ{ɥuϥ 16-bit DMA qD.
"Record auto" (default) -> Xʵ{۰ʿ(|ըϥ 16-bit DMA qD)

   Ҧp: echo "Record 16" > /proc/asound/0/sb16
   
   i@BTаѦ INSTALL .
   
6. pޥΰDư

   ХݬݭĥdXʵ{ؿ FAQ . o@`MbWפ.
   
6.1 sĶXʵ{

  Linux ֤߭lXؿ
  
   pG ALSA Xʵ{Lk\sĶ, X{䤣 ``version.h'' Ψ䥦ޤJ
   (header files)~, oOzSwˮ֤ߪޤJ. Iɶ
    Kernel-HOWTO, N̷s񪺮֤߸Ѷ} /usr/src åBU make configRO.
   
6.2 JXʵ{

   ˬdHUU:
   
  ĥdۮe
  
   zO_ʤʪTwzĥd䴩O? dUnOoˬd. ɤ@s
   X123 ĥdäs X123b , o˥i|Ozɶ.
   
   bt@譱, YϬO䴩d]i|z· - Fwˤ@ CS4237B 
   d, ӤFڨӤpɨӷdM, Go{̦. (O On the other
   hand, even a supported card can give you troubles - it took me two
   hours to figure out the installation of a CS4237B which was, after
   all, just a fine example of RTFM. )
   
  ``Device busy''  ``unresolved symbols''
  
   zib 2.0.x ֤ߤNĥd䴩si֤ߤ, άOwJ OSS/Lite(֤
   )Xʵ{(icat /proc/modulesˬd). Xʵ{έssĶ
   (Ь Kernel-HOWTO ʤ).
   
   b 2.0 ֤ߤļҲեs "sound.o", ӳQҥ. (M ALSA X
   ʵ{ "snd.o" iH.)
   
   pGz֤߬O 2.2.x , ӨSNĤ䴩sĶih, ALSA Xʵ{]|L
   k@.
   
   ڤ]DoؤPpOHxZ, ҥHڦbA@@. pGzΪO
   2.0.x֤ ("uname -a"ROǦ^ "Linux penguin 2.0.35 #6 Wed Sep 23
   10:19:16 CEST 1998 i686 unknown") zNXʵ{簣.
   
   pGz֤߬O 2.2.x֤, zݭnXʵ{. 2.2.x ֤ӱN
   Xʵ{sĶi֤, [J󭵮ĥd䴩. ]znﭵĤ䴩,
   ]Twn[J󭵮ĥdXʵ{.
   
  S Unresolved symbols
  
   t@ӳy "unresolved symbols" T]iOs֤߰tXªXʵ{
   . ЦbssĶ֤ߤOѤF]ssĶ ALSA Xʵ{. p~iHTw
   Xʵ{tWzs֤.
   
  ˬd PnP ]w
  
   Twĥd_(active)F? Хt~IɶŪŪ PnP-HOWTO, T{zwT
   aP(activate)Fzĥd.
   
  ѼƦ]?
  
   ˬd, ATˬdzĥd]wѼ. Фp: 534  543, 0x534 ]
    534.
   
   P, ǭĥdnJҲդOzw. 𮧤@U, ܪMsΤ
   , MAݬݱz modprobe G. Ҧp Crystal 4232 ӴJXʵ{
   O snd-card-cs4232, O "snd-cs4231".  SoundBlaster PCI64 ӸJ
   O "snd-audiopci", D snd-es1370. (oǦb󤤳g, ӵ̦bgog
   HOWTO , ٴF@ӱߤWյۥ snd-cs4231 oXn.)
   
6.3 Xʵ{JF... iOSn

  ѰR
  
   ALSA Xʵ{iHBΦhƭĥd "R" O. pGzJFX
   {, @ݰ_ӳ٥T, NOSn, ziѭpR
   F. no򰵱zn "amixer"  "alsamixer", ̳bXʵ{. un
   J:
   
amixer -c 1 master 70:70 unmute
amixer -c 1 pcm 70:70 unmute
amixer -c 1 cd 70:70 unmute

   hƪε{ӳĪ.
   
  OSS/Linux ۮe
  
   pGoOzϥ ALSA Xʵ{, ӱzHeϥιL֤ߤتӪ, z
   iQnMLhۮeO.(Yϥ /dev/pcmX ]ƤO). oɱzݭn
   J "OSS ۮeXʵ{".  modprobe snd-pcm1-oss (ԨJXʵ{
   @`. ). ЪN: snd-pcm1-oss  snd-pcm1. Xʵ{䴩
   ݭnO snd-pcm1-oss.
   
6.4 @ʫب

  յۥ "insmod"
  
    "insmod" N kerneld `OΪ. ]\]zNiHbùWݨ~T
   F.
   
  Ū INSTALL .
  
   bXʵ{ؿ INSTALL ɥiHo{ܦhT. pGzXʵ{_@
   , OѤFݬݳo, ]\|B~T.
   
  T
  
   pGHWk٬OS, ziHssĶXʵ{, nDNTei
   /var/log/messages ɤ, ̫q. Ucd /usr/src/alsa-driver-...RO
   iJXʵ{ؿ, MJ:
   
./configure --with-debug=detect; make clean; make

   Xʵ{(pGwgҰʪ, Ьݫ᭱쪺Ҳդpޥ) M
   zΪ "modprobe" OwssĶXʵ{. ݬ /var/log/messages
   ̦ST.
   
  pGSΩO...
  
   pGzLkѰTou, g Email  ALSA ϥΪ̳qH׾,
   [25]alsa-user@alsa-project.org.
   
   OѤF[WHUT:
     * zĥdW٥HΨϥΪ.
     * pGzĥdO ISA PnP , J isapnp.conf .
     * z conf.modules ɩάOҰ ALSA Xʵ{RO.
     * Ҧb /var/log/messages өM ALSA Xʵ{T.
       
6.5 ^

   pGzo{F@, ALSA Xʵ{}oէƱo(ܤ)HUT:
    1. Xʵ{ή֤ߪ: 'cat /proc/asound/version'
    2. ĥdT
          + tөҼХܪĥdW
          + ӥdWUӴХ
          + 'cat /proc/asound/cards' 浲G
    3. Ҧb /var/log/messages T
    4. Dyz
       
6.6 pޥ: ť CD ...

   pGzϥkmod/kerneld H ALSA Xʵ{ť CD,  kmod/kerneld i
   ण|w@JXʵ{. oOѩROC CD 񭵵{u|s CDROM
   }l, Ӥ|ϥΨ],  kmod/kerneld ӸJXʵ{. oӰ
   DѥiNuϥ modprobe F.
   
6.7 pޥ: w MIDI ǦCXʰʵ{

   q`, ǦC]ƪ IO |ѼзǪǦC]Xʵ{e. ҥHbziHi
   "modprobe snd-serial" He, Xʵ{񱼸ӧǦC].
   
   HUOһݵ{.
   
setserial /dev/ttyS0 uart none
modprobe snd-serial

   (pGz MIDI ]ƨϥΤ@˪],N /dev/ttyS0 ۹
   /dev/ttySx)
   
6.8 pޥ: s֤? sҲ!

   zs֤߫, ziݭnssĶ ALSA Xʵ{. pG٦bӪ
   /usr/src ؿU, ЧOѤFbzi ./configure, make, make install e
   U make clean RO.
   
   ! ٦ӤӤ@˪֤ߪs "2.2.0ac1", |Q configure ROɩ
   OƦr. ڷQoӦbsROɤ|ѨM, MzioܭlX
   ߪs.
   
6.9 pޥ: KDE  ALSA Xʵ{

   pGzϥΤF KDE, oLkťѦp}ҵΧܨϥΪୱtέ,
   L䥦İʧ@`. ]NOz CD , MP3 HβVܥ`,
   iuO] "kwmsound" Ӥw.
   
   ҥH: TwbzҰʩRO($KDEDIR/bin/startkde) "kwmsound".
   
6.10 pޥ: ϥ ALSA ]

   pGzHeQιL Linux Ĥ䴩, zε{iݭnΨ
   /dev/pcm0, /dev/audio  /dev/mixer. ϥ OSS ۮeҲ snd-pcm1-oss O
   ѨMk, pGϥίu ALSA ](b /dev/snd/U)ܨn.
   
6.11 pޥ: ҦҲ

   n@Ӥ@ӪQXӼҲչbOӦnk. ܩB, ҦҲզWO
    snd- }l, ҥHΤ@IppROCW, ziHUHURO
   ALSA Xʵ{:
   
cat /proc/modules|gawk '/^snd-/{print $1}|xargs -i rmmod {}

   Juergen Kahrs gD: "ڦ@өROɥiHs soundcore, soundlow H
   sound @֮h, pG̤wJBSbϥΤ. oөROɳBz
   /proc/modules T, o˦bӤ|ӦhҲկdU." LѪkO:
   
awk '/^snd/||/^sound/&&($3==0){system("rmmod " $1)}' /proc/modules /proc/module
s /proc/modules

   Ъ`N: pG@ӼҲը̿t@ӼҲժ, ziHuWh.
   oN۱zi঳nUĤGDRO. (ڱqӨSILoرp; ݰ_ӱziH
   H̷Ӧb /proc/modules ǲ ALSA Ҳ.)

References

   1. http://www.sgmltools.org/
   2. http://www.alsa-project.org/~valentyn
   3. http://www.alsa-project.org/~valentyn/other-formats
   4. http://plaza21.mbn.or.jp/~momokuri/alsa/index.html
   5. http://www.freenix.fr/unix/linux/HOWTO/mini/Alsa.html
   6. mailto:alsa-howto@alsa-project.org
   7. mailto:linux-howto@metalab.unc.edu
   8. http://www.fsf.org/
   9. http://www.fsf.org/
  10. http://www.alsa-project.org/intro.html
  11. http://www.alsa-project.org/
  12. http://metalab.unc.edu/LDP/mirrors.html
  13. file://localhost/tmp/Sound-HOWTO.html
  14. file://localhost/tmp/Plug-and-Play-HOWTO.html
  15. file://localhost/tmp/Kernel-HOWTO.html
  16. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.13097/Modules.html
  17. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.13097/Kerneld.html
  18. ftp://ftp.alsa-project.org/pub/
  19. ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa
  20. ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa/driver/
  21. ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa/lib/
  22. ftp://linux.a2000.nl/alsa/utils/
  23. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.13097/Alsa-sound.txt.html#backw-compat
  24. http://www.ldp.org/sounds/english.au
  25. mailto:alsa-user@alsa-project.org
