
                           The Linux Bootdisk HOWTO
                                       
@: Tom Fawcett ( [1]fawcett+BH@croftj.net)
Ķ: [2]~A 

   v4.0, April 2000, ½Ķ: 27 July 2000
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   yzp]pPسyAۤv Linux boot/root ϤCoǺϤΨӷ
   ϴϤ (rescue disks) AάOΨӴշstΤ (components) Cb
   ϫسyAۤv bootdisk eAAӭn۷xtκ޲zu@CpGAuO
   Qn@iɨϥΪϴϤAаѦ [3]Pre-made bootdisks C
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. e -- Preface

     * 1.1 `Nƶ -- Version notes
     * 1.2 | 
     * 1.3 ^PP -- Feedback and credits
     * 1.4 GF -- Distribution policy
       
2. ² -- Introduction

3. BootdisksP}y{ -- Bootdisks and the boot process

     * 3.1 }y{ -- The boot process
     * 3.2 Ϻ -- Disk types
       
4. إߤ@root filesystem -- Building a root filesystem

     * 4.1 [ -- Overview
     * 4.2 s@ filesystem -- Creating the filesystem
     * 4.3 ɮרt -- Populating the filesystem
     * 4.4  PAM P NSS  -- Providing for PAM and NSS
     * 4.5 Ҳ -- Modules
     * 4.6 @ǳ̫᪺Ӹ` -- Some final details
     * 4.7 Wrapping it up
       
5. ܤ@ kernel -- Choosing a kernel

6. ⥦̩b@_Gs@Ϥ() -- Putting them together: Making the
diskette(s)

     * 6.1  LILO ǰe kernel -- Transferring the kernel with LILO
     * 6.2 ϥ LILO Ӷǰe kernel -- Transferring the kernel without
       LILO
     * 6.3 ]wramdisk -- Setting the ramdisk word
     * 6.4 ǰeroot filesystem -- Transferring the root filesystem
       
7. DѨM -- Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat

8. 䥦UإDD -- Miscellaneous topics

     * 8.1  root filesystem  size -- Reducing root filesystem size
     * 8.2 Non-ramdisk root filesystems
     * 8.3 سy@iuϤ -- Building a utility disk
       
9. How the pros do it

10. `D (FAQ) C -- Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list

Appendix

11. 귽P -- Resources and pointers

     * 11.1 wn Bootdisks -- Pre-made Bootdisks
     * 11.2 ϴM -- Rescue packages
     * 11.3 LILO -- the Linux loader
     * 11.4 Linux FAQ P HOWTOs
     * 11.5 RamdiskϥΤk -- Ramdisk usage
     * 11.6 Linux}y{ -- The Linux boot process
       
12. LILO boot error codes

13. Root filesystem C˥ -- Sample root filesystem listings

14. u{Ϥ (utility disk) ؿC˥ -- Sample utility disk directory
listing
     _________________________________________________________________
   
1. e -- Preface

   oiwgLFC pGDWZwWL 6 ӤAЬd
   \ [4]Bootdisk-HOWTO homepage ݬݬO_wsC
   
   MH text 榡]OiH\ŪAO]LŸYA ̦n ٬OH
   Postscript (.ps) B PDF  HTML 榡Ӿ\ŪC
   
1.1 `Nƶ -- Version notes

   Graham Chapman O쥻 Bootdisk-HOWTO @̡AL@Ѥ䴩 version
   3.1 C Tom Fawcett jOb kernel v2 ݥɦX@@̡CLOثe
   @̡C
   
   夤TOb Intel xWB@ Linux ϥΡC䤤\hT]\Φb
   䥦x Linux AOڭ̨èSզb䥦xs@ bootdisk A]S
   TCpGAb䥦xWs@ bootdisk gAлPڭpC
   
1.2 |

   @̶ ?
   
    1. дyz (άO쵲t@ԭz)ps@䥦i}Ϥ~
       AѦp CDROMs, ZIP disks P LS110 disks C
    2. дyzpBzj libc.so @ɨ禡wC򥻤Wi¡Bp
       禡wAάOR{禡wC
    3. sR distribution bootdisks Ps "How the Pros do it" o@`
       C
    4. RԭzpɯŲ{ distribution bootdisks `C This is
       usually more trouble than it's worth.
    5. g /  Troubleshooting o@`C
       
1.3 ^PP -- Feedback and credits

   ڱ󥻤夺e^AL׬OnOaC/ڭ wODo󤺪
   OPTOTӥiaCpGAo{~ο|AڪDCbg
   ɡA ЫXAҰѦҪ󤧪X C
   
   ڭ̷P³\hUץPĳHCL̪^mϱoڭ̦ۤvWߧ
   ٨ӱonC
   
   ЦUQΤWz email a}A@̧ABPðݡCڤN
   ^DAOpGASwDOA bootdisk B@A
   \Ū [5]Troubleshooting C
   
1.4 GF -- Distribution policy

   Copyright (c) 1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000 by Tom Fawcett and Graham
   Chapman. iHb [6]Linux Documentation Project License Uyq
   CpGAள즹 license AлP@pC
   
   O@KOCڭ̵o楦OƱ楦঳UAAO ൹AO
   F]S 㦳ӷ~O  AXSwγ~ OҡC
   
2. ² -- Introduction

   Linux }Ϥ (boot disks) bܦhpUOܦΪAѦp
     * դ@ӷs֤ (kernel)C
     * qϺп~_ (o~q򥢶}ϰϨϺŪgYli)
       C
     * ״_@ (disabled) t
     * waɯ{ɦ@ (critical) tɮ (Ѧp libc.so) C
       
   nXo boot disks kG
   
     * ϥεoM (distribution) O Slackware ҴѪCܤ֯A}
       C
     * ϥαϴM (package) سyΨӰϴϤϤC
     * ǲߨC@ disk B@tήɩһݪFAMۤvs@C
       
   ǤH̫ܳ@ؤkApL̯aۤvʤⰵCoˤlApGYBoͰ
   DAN XkhѨMDC~]iHǨܦh Linux pB@
   ѡC
   
   尲]Ṳ̄wx򥻪 Linux tκ޲z[C|ҨӻAAӪD
   B filesystems PnФĳDCA]ӪDpϥ mount P df CA
   ӪD /etc/passwd P fstab oɮתγ~HΥ̬ݰ_ӹC
   ̫AAӪD HOWTO 󤺤jOAnH root ӰC
   
   }ls@Aۤv bootdisk OܽCpGAŪL Linux FAQ P
   AѦp Linux Installation HOWTO P Linux Installation Guide A
   Aӹիسy}ϤCpGAuݭnɥΪ bootdisk AU@ӧO
   Hƥ bootdisk ӥη|  eCаѦҤU [7]Pre-made
   bootdisks Hob̥iHoǪFC
   
3. BootdisksP}y{ -- Bootdisks and the boot process

   bootdisk 򥻤WObnФ@ӤpӦۨ Linux tΡC
   \hMS full-size  Linux tάۦP\Cbسy bootdisk eA
   AӤFѰ򥻪 Linux }y{Cڭ̦bu򥻪СAwAF
   ѥ大᪺eCܦhӸ`PNﶵwQٲC
   
3.1 }y{ -- The boot process

   Ҧ PC tζ}l}y{OǥѰ ROM (TaANO BIOS) {
   Aq}Ϻо 0 ϰϡB 0 ϬWJiѶ}ϰϡC}Ϻоq`
   OĤ@xnо (p DOS  A P Linux  /dev/fd0)C BIOS |հ
   oӺϰϡCbji} disks WA 0 ϰϡB 0 ϬW]tHU
   @G
   
     * }J{ (boot loader Ap LILO){XA|X kernel Ҧb
       mA۸Jð楦HҰʶ}{ǡC
     * @ӧ@~t kernel }Y (start) AѦp Linux C
       
   pG@ Linux kernel wQ raw-copied 覡mJ@iϤAoi
   ϤĤ@ӺϰϴNO Linux kernel Ĥ@ӺϰϡCoӺϰϱNq}]
   ƸJ kernel ѾlH~}y{C
   
   @ kernel JA@ǰ򥻳]Ƥ]l (initialization) CM
   tαNձqYӳ]ƸJHαW (mount) root filesystem Cҿת root
   filesystem uO@ӳQW@ ``/'' ؿ filesystem C kernel Q
   iiq̧즹 root filesystem FpG kernel b̧䤣@ӥiJ
   v (image) AtδN|B@ (halt) C
   
   bYǶ}pU -- ``OqnФ} -- root filesystem |QJ
   ramdisk A]NOQtΩҦs RAM ApPtΦsϺФ@Ctη|
   J ramdisk zѦGCĤ@A RAM OXӤnФ֪ǺϩA
   HtΦbWB@֡F ĤGA kernel iHqnФJ@ Y
   filesystem åBbY ramdisk WApihɮxsbn
   ФWC
   
   @ root filesystem QJñWAA|ݨ@TG
        VFS: Mounted root (ext2 filesystem) readonly.

   ɨtη|b root filesystem W init { ( b /bin or /sbin) ð
   楦C init ŪպA]w (configuration file) /etc/inittab AX
   ɤЩ sysinit @AðQWscriptCo sysinit script q`
    /etc/rc  /etc/init.d/boot oɡCo script O@իإ߰򥻨t
   ΪAȪ shell OAѦpG
   
     * ҦϺа fsck,
     * Jƪ֤߼Ҳ (modules),
     * Ұ swapping,
     * il,
     * Nwb fstab ϺбWC
       
   o script `|Ұʨ䥦UؤP scripts Ҳժ (modular) l
   C|ҨӻAb@몺 SysVinit [cUA /etc/rc.d/ oӥؿ]t@ӽ
   lؿ[cA䤤ɮ׫XpҰʻPjtΪAȡCMӡAb@
   i bootdisk WAo˪ sysinit script ``OD`²檺C
   
    sysinit script Av^ init WA۶iJ w]runlevel
   Aw] runlevel H initdefault orQwb inittab C
   runlevel line q`w@ӹ getty {Aoӵ{tdBz console P
   ttys qTCƹWANO getty {bùWLXx ``login:''
   ܡC getty {өIs login {HBz login O_ġAé󤧫
    user sessions C
   
3.2 Ϻ -- Disk types

   pGAwFѰ򥻪}y{Aڭ̲{biHwqүAΨ줧UؤP
   ϺСCڭ̱NϺФ|ءCPbQשҺ٤ ``Ϻ (disk)'' D
   SOnA_hOnФAMjQפ]P˥iΦbwФWC
   
   boot
          @i]tiQҰʤ kernel ϤCoiϤQΨӱҰ kernel A
          ۳o kernel |Jbt@iϤW root file system Cb
          bootdisk W kernel q`Qih䥦 root filesystem
          C
          
          bootdisk `|qt@iϤJ@ root filesystem AOۤϦaA
          bootdisk ]iQ]wJwЪ root filesystem C@b
          s kernel ɷ|o˰ (ƹWA ``make zdisk'' |۰ʦaq kernel
          lXsyXo˪@i bootdisk C
          
   root
          b filesystem W]tB@ Linux tΥɮת@iϤCoi
          @w kernel  boot loader C
          
          @ kernel QҰʫA root disk NiHWߩ䥦ϤӹB@t
          Cq` root disk e|Q۰ʦa copy  RAM Ӧ ramdisk C
          oϱo root disk sܱo󬰧ֳtAӥBi@xnоu
          {Ϥ (utility disk)C
          
   boot/root
          @iPɥ]t kernel P root filesystem ϤCyܻAoi
          ]tεwЦӯҰʻPB@ Linux tΤҦƶءCoغϤ
          uIb²滴K -- C@ƪF賣bP@iϤWCMӡA
          Hɮ size vW[AҦF賣sbP@iϤWNVx
          AƦܧQY]@ˡC
          
   utility
          @i]t filesystem ϤAOäOnW root file
          system ӨϥΡCoiϤiB~Ƥ (data disk) CAiHQ
          γoغϤ쥻LhӤb root disk Wu{bWC
          
   @ӨAڭ̴ ``سy@i bootdisk'' ɡAOyX boot ( kernel
   ) P root (files) oӳCoӳOb@_ (@ii
   boot/root disk) ANOi}Ϥ (boot + root disks) CϴϤ
   Ө̨uʤkAiOϥΨi} boot P root ϤAA[W@i
   Φhi utility diskettes HBzhXӪFC
   
4. إߤ@root filesystem -- Building a root filesystem

   yX root filesystem AοܯtΥ`B@ҥƪɮסCbo@`A
   ڭ̱Nԭzpسy@ Y root filesystem CbϤWسy@Ӫ
   Wڥؿ (root) gY filesystem OM[FoӴN
   ױԭzb [8]Non-ramdisk Root Filesystem o@`C
   
4.1 [ -- Overview

   root filesystem ]t䴩 Linux tιB@һݪC@ӶءCF
   FoӥتAoiϤ]A Linux tιB@̰_X (minimum) 
   ݨDG
   
     * 򥻪ɮרtά[cA
     * ̰_XؿG /dev, /proc, /bin, /etc, /lib, /usr, /tmp,
     * 򥻪u{G sh, ls, cp, mv, etc.,
     * ̰_XպA]wɡG rc, inittab, fstab, etc.,
     * ]ɡG /dev/hd*, /dev/tty*, /dev/fd0, etc.,
     * Runtime 禡wHѤu{ҨϥΤ򥻥\ (functions) C
       
   MAtΥubAWYǪFɤ~|oΡAӤ@i root
   Ϥq`ubAవHUƱɤ~|oΡG
   
     * ˬdt@xϺо file system A|ҨӻAˬdAwФW root
       file system AAqt@xϺоҰ Linux AҦpAiHΤ@i
       root ϤoơCMAiHbA쥻 root ϺоQWɡA
        fsck C
     * ϥɮ (archive) PYu{AѦp cpio, tar, gzip P ftape A
       qƥ (backup) _xsҦγA쥻 root ϺоơC
       
   ڭ̱Nԭzpسy@ Y filesystem ANOɳQYbϤWAu
   }ɡA~|YsJramdisk C Y filesystem 覡AAiHb
   @iзǪ 1440K ϤWJܦhɮ (j 6 megabytes) C]
   filesystem ϤjܦhAڭ̤ઽ⥦ئbϤWCڭ̥b䥦a
   إߥAYAMA⥦ copy ϤWC
   
4.2 s@ filesystem -- Creating the filesystem

   Fسyp@ filesystem AAݭn@ӦhXӰj]ơAAb
   YesҦɮסCANݭn@ӯsj 4 megabytesɮת]
   CHUXؿܡG
   
     * ϥ ramdisk (DEVICE = /dev/ram0)CboرpUAOQ@x
       ϺоC Ramdisk js@ӾAjp filesystem CpGA
       ϥ LILO AˬdAպA]w (/etc/lilo.conf) A@湳
 RAMDISK = nnn
       oMwiHt ramdisk  RAM jȡCw]ȬO 4096K Ao
       OFCAӤiզb@x֩ 8MB RAM qWϥΦp
       ramdisk C ˬdHT{A@ӳ]ɹO /dev/ram0, /dev/ram άO
       /dev/ramdisk CpGSAЦۤvH mknod (major number 1, minor 0)y
       X /dev/ram0 C
     * pGA@ӥϥΥBjw partition (thXmegabytesjNiH
       F)ANϥΥaC
     * ϥΤ@ loopback device AoiH@ӺϺɮ׷O@x]ƨӨϥ
       Cϥ loopback device ɡAAiHbwФWyX@ 3 megabyte ɮ
       AéWسy filesystem C J man losetup MOHϥ
       loopback devices CpGAS losetup AAiHq
       [9]ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/ ؿA
       util-linux M (package) ۮe mount P unmount H
       쥦C pGbAtΤWS loop device  (/dev/loop0,
       /dev/loop1, etc.)AA ``mknod /dev/loop0 b 7 0'' ۤvyX
       @ӡC@w˦noǯSO mount P umount GiɡANЦb@xeq
       jwФWyX@ӼȦs (temporary file)(eg, /tmp/fsfile) CAi
       HϥιoˤlOG
       
     dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/fsfile bs=1k count=nnn
       HyX@ nnn-block ɮסC ШϥΦۤvɦWNHU DEVICE C
       AUF mount OAAPɭn[W ``-o loop'' ﶵHi mount O
        loopback device C |ҨӻG
        mount -o loop -t ext2 /tmp/fsfile /mnt
       HW loopback device 覡A /tmp/fsfile W /mnt o mount
       point C df OiAݨHWGC
       
   bAܨ䤤@ؤkAзǳ DEVICE HG
        dd if=/dev/zero of=DEVICE bs=1k count=4096

   oOeX@ 0 DEVICE񺡡C 0  device O䪺@BA]
   filesystemN|QYAҥHҦϥΪQ 0 񺡥HF̤j
   YCLצɧAqA root filesystem RɮסAаOooӨƹC
   W filesystem uOX (de-allocate) o blocks A OèSA⥦
    0 CpGALܦhRP copy ʧ@AAY filesystem ̫
   |񥲭njXܦhC
   
   U@BNOyX filesystem C Linux kernel ӻ{د root disks ۰
   aQ copy  ramdisk W file system C̬O minix P ext2 A䤤
   ext2 Ow諸CpGϥ ext2 AA|o{ϥ -i ﶵww]ȧ
   h inodes OUqFڭ̫ĳ -i 2000 Ao˧AN|Χ inodes C
   pGΤWzﶵAAiH\hn /dev ɮץH` inodes C
   mke2fs w]|yX 360  inodesb@i 1.44Mb ϤWCڵo{bڥثe
   ϴ root ϤWA 120  inodes O۷FAOpGAҦ]
   J /dev ؿAAܮe|WL 360 inodes CϥY root
   filesystem iA֦j filesystem APɹw]|h inodes A
   OAMnNOɮ׼ƶqAnNOW[ inodes ƥءC
   
   ]AAҨϥΪOݰ_ӷ|oˡG
        mke2fs -m 0 -i 2000 DEVICE

   (pGAϥΪO@ loopback device AХΧAثeҥΪϺɮ״
   W DEVICE C)
   
   mke2fs O|۰ʦaioŶAM̾ڰۨiպA]wC
   ``-m 0'' ѼקKOdŶ root A]iѧhiΪϺЪŶC
   
   U@BAWo device G
   
        mount -t ext2 DEVICE /mnt

   (pG mount point äsbAAۦyX@ mount point /mnt C) b
   ѤU`AҦت (destination) ؿQ]O۹ /mnt C
   
4.3 ɮרt -- Populating the filesystem

   HUOA root filesystem ̰_XӦؿ
   
   Bҧe{ؿ[cȨ root diskette ϥΡCu Linux tΦ@M
   B]p}n[ckA٬ [10]Filesystem Hierarchy Standard A
   MwɮӦpmC :
   
     * /dev -- ̭s] (Devices) AF I/O u@һ
     * /proc -- Directory stub required by the proc filesystem
     * /etc -- ̭stβպA]w
     * /sbin -- n (critical) tΤGi (binaries)
     * /bin -- Q{OtΤ@򥻤Gi
     * /lib --  run-time 䴩@ɨ禡w
     * /mnt -- @䥦ϺЩҥΪϺбJI (mount point)
     * /usr -- B~u{Pε{
       
   Wzؿ䤤TӦb root filesystem W|OŪAҥH̥uݭn
   mkdir yXӡC /proc ؿ򥻤WO@ӧ proc filesystem mU
   stub C /mnt P /usr oӥؿuOb boot/root tιB@ɩҨϥΪ
   mount points C]AФ@AoǥؿuݭnQyXӴNiHFC
   
   ѤU|ӥؿyzHUU`C
   
  /dev
  
   /dev ؿ]t@sSOɮסAoɮ׬OtΤWҦ]ƨϥΪAo˪
   /dev ؿC Linux tγ@w|CoӥؿO@ӴqؿAiHH
   @몺k mkdir yXӡCMӡAoǯSOɮץHSOk
   mknod OyXӡC
   
   ٬O@| --  copy A{ /dev ؿeAMAMAQ
   n]ɡCߤ@nDO copy oǯSO]ɮɡAn -R ﶵCoӿ
   | copy ӥؿɮסAO| copy oɮתeCнTwϥ j
   gr R CoӫOOG
        cp -dpR /dev /mnt

   bڭ̰]ϤOQb /mnt UC dp ﶵ (switches) TO symbolic
   links OH links 覡 copy AӤO copy 쵲ɩҫV target
   file APɭ쥻ɮݩʤ]QOdA]OdFɮתҦvTC
   
   pGAQnΰקޥoӥȡANQ ls -l CXAQn]ɤ
   major P minor device numbers AMA mknod bϤWyX̡C
   
   Lצp copy oǳ]ɡA٬OnˬdAһݤ] (device special
   file) O_wJoiϴϤC|ҨӻA ftape ϥκϱa]ơApGAQ
   nq bootdisk snϱaAANݭn copy Ҧ]ɡC
   
   Ъ`NAC@ӳ]ɻݭn@ inode A inodes @O}֪귽ASO
   ObϤ filesystems WC]AqϤW /dev ؿAҤݭn
   ]ɬONqC|ҨӻApGAS SCSI ϺСAAiHߦaҦ
   H sd }Y]ɡCP˦aApGAäQϥΧAǦC (serial port) A
   A]iHҦH cua }Y]ɡC
   
   нTwqoӥؿJFHUɮתG console, kmem, mem, null, ram0 and
   tty1.
   
  /etc
  
   oӥؿ]tFnպA]wɡCbjtΤWAoɮ׳QTӸs
   աG
   
    1. @OƪA e.g. rc, fstab, passwd C
    2. iOƪAOSHQTwC
    3. ]iӪUC
       
   q`iHΥHUOѥXǬOD򥻪ɮסG
   
        ls -ltru

   oӫONɮר̾ڤWQsAH (reverse) ǦCXA
   HpGɮפ|QsA򥦭̴NiHq root ϤRhC
   
   bڪ root ϤWAڪպAɼƥؤw 15 ӡCoi֧ڳBzHUT
   ɮתu@G
   
    1. ڥ boot/root tζiպA]wɮסG
         1. rc.d/* -- tαҰʻP run level  scripts
         2. fstab -- nQW file systems M
         3. inittab --  init process ѼơA}ɱҰʪĤ@
            process C
    2. ڭӬ boot/root tξzɮסG
         1. passwd -- nϥΪ̡B home ؿ䥦تMC
         2. group -- ϥΪ̸sաC
         3. shadow -- ϥΪ̪KXCAiSoɡC
         4. termcap -- the terminal capability database.
       pGtΦw (security) AܭnA passwd P shadow ӳQR
       AHקKNϥΪ̱KX copy XtΡAo˷AqϤ}ɡAQn
       logins |QڵC нTw passwd ܤ֥]tF root CpGAnL
       ϥΪ login AнTwL̪ home ؿP shells sbC termcap A
       ׺ݾƮwA@ӨXʭ kilobytes CA boot/root Ϥ
       ӳQRu]tAҨϥΪ׺ݾAoq`NO linux 
       linux-console  (entry) C
    3. The rest. They work at the moment, so I leave them alone.
       
   Out of this, ڹڤWu]wɡAӥ̩]tHa֡C
     * rc ӥ]tG
        #!/bin/sh
        /bin/mount -av
        /bin/hostname Kangaroo
       нTwWzؿOTCAäݭnuah hostname -- pGA
       uOtΤn (ĶGptη|ӦWr) C
     * fstab Ӧܤ֭n]tG
        /dev/ram0       /               ext2    defaults
        /dev/fd0        /               ext2    defaults
        /proc           /proc           proc    defaults
       AiHqA{s fstab copy AQnءAOAäӦ۰ʦaW
       AwХ partitions FйoǶبϥ noauto r (ĶG
       noauto N default ) Cϥ bootdisk ɡAAwХiOwla
       αFC
       
   A inittab ӳQܡAHϨ䤤 sysinit o rc εLפNQ
   檺򥻶} script CPɡApGAQnTOiqǦC login AЦb
   ]A ttys  ttyS  getty ثe[Wu#vŸ (comment out) C
   Od tty HAiHb console e login C
   
   @ӳ̰_X inittab ɬݰ_Ӽ˳oˡG
        id:2:initdefault:
        si::sysinit:/etc/rc
        1:2345:respawn:/sbin/getty 9600 tty1
        2:23:respawn:/sbin/getty 9600 tty2

   inittab ɩwqFtΦbUؤPpN椰򶵥ءA]A startup B
   ܦhϥΪ̼ҦCХJӦaˬdb inittab QΪɮצW
   (filenames) FpG init ҴΪ{A bootdisk N|B
   @AӧAƦܤ|o~TC
   
   Ъ`NAYǵ{Q䥦aA]䥦{wbgɡAN⥦̪
   ɮצmgF (hardcode) C|ҨӻbڪtΤWA /etc/shutdown w
   /etc/reboot mgb䤤CpGڲʤF reboot  /bin/rebootAM
   UF@ shutdown OAN|]䤣 reboot ɦӵoͿ~C
   
   ѤUӪANO copy bA /etc ؿҦr (text files) AA[W
   bA /etc ؿAALkTwAݤݭnҦiɡCݭn (guide)
   ̡AаѦҦb [11]Sample roodisk directory listings ˥MC]\un
   copy oɮ״NFAOtήt|ܤjvTAҥHALkTwAt
   WۦPɮײզXAN@wM椤ɮסCߤ@TwkNOq inittab
   ۤAçXݭnC
   
   {bjtΨϥ /etc/rc.d/ ؿA䤤]tP run levels
   shell scripts C̰_X|@ӳ@ rc scriptAOȱqA{st
   copy inittab P /etc/rc.d oӥؿAMR rc.d ؿ shell
   scripts HMϤtҵL processing A|O²檺kC
   
  /bin P /sbin
  
   /bin ؿO@өmF򥻧@~ (operations) өһݤB~u{
   KnaAoǤu{Ѧp ls, mv, cat P dd C bin/ P /sbin o
   ؿɮײMdҽШ [12]Sample rootdisk directory listings Cd
   èS]Aqƥ_ɩһݤu{AѦp cpio, tar P gzip Co
   O]ڧoǪFbt@i (separate) u{ϤWAH`
   boot/root ϤŶC@ boot/root ϤQ}ҰʡAN|Q copy 
   ramdisk nоAnо౾Wt@iϤANOu{Cڳq`
   ⥦W /usr C
   
   u{Ϥ (utility diskette) s@QyzbU [13]Building a
   utility disk o`COd@ۦPƥΤu{copyOnAo
   ӳƥΤu{QΨӻs@ƥApANήOɶbզwˤŪ
   AƥϱaC
   
   нTwA]AFHU{G init, getty ά۵{, login, mount, Yإi
   HArc scripts  shell, HΤ@ӱq sh Vo shell  link C
   
  /lib
  
   b /lib AAnJn@ɨ禡w (libraries) PJ{ (loaders)
   CpGLkbA /lib ؿ쥲n禡wAtαN}Cp
   GAܩBAAi|ݨiDA|oͦpp~TC
   
   ӨC@ӵ{ܤֳnD libc 禡wA libc.so.N A䤤 N Oثe
   sCˬdA /lib ؿC Libc.so.N q`O@ symlink AV@
   㦳㪩sɦWG
   
% ls -l /lib/libc*
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root      4016683 Apr 16 18:48 libc-2.1.1.so*
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           13 Apr 10 12:25 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.1.1.
so*

   boӱpUAA|Qn libc-2.1.1.so CF䥦禡wAAӭnݹL
   ҦA]AGiɡAåB ldd Oˬd̪̩ۨʡC|ҨӻG
   
        % ldd /sbin/mke2fs
        libext2fs.so.2 => /lib/libext2fs.so.2 (0x40014000)
        libcom_err.so.2 => /lib/libcom_err.so.2 (0x40026000)
        libuuid.so.1 => /lib/libuuid.so.1 (0x40028000)
        libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x4002c000)
        /lib/ld-linux.so.2 => /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x40000000)

   bk䪺C@ɮ׬O@wnCɮץiO@ symbolic link C
   
   Ъ`NYǨ禡w ۷aj AӥBä໴atXA root filesystem C
   |ҨӻAWz libc.so j 4 megabytes C]AbA copy ̨A
   root filesystem PɡAAiݭnh@Ǩ禡wCЬ [14]Reducing
   root filesystem size o@`HF instructions C
   
   b /lib AA]]A@ loader ѳoǨ禡wϥΡCo loader O
   ld.so ( A.OUT 禡wϥ)ANO ld-linux.so ( ELF 禡wϥ)Cs
    ldd |pPWzҤlATaiDAݭn@ loader AMªN
   |CpGAäTwAݭn@ loader AN禡w file OC|
   ҨӻG
% file /lib/libc.so.4.7.2 /lib/libc.so.5.4.33 /lib/libc-2.1.1.so
/lib/libc.so.4.7.2: Linux/i386 demand-paged executable (QMAGIC), stripped
/lib/libc.so.5.4.33: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1, stri
pped
/lib/libc-2.1.1.so: ELF 32-bit LSB shared object, Intel 80386, version 1, not s
tripped

   QMAGIC X 4.7.2 O A.OUT 禡wϥΡA ELF X 5.4.33 H
   2.1.1 O ELF ϥΡC
   
    copy Aһݭnw loader(s) Aҫإߪ root filesystem Cw
   ]AGiɡA禡wP loaders ӳQ JӦaˬd CpG kernel 
   Jһݪ禡wA kernel N|bS~TpUB@C
   
4.4  PAM P NSS  -- Providing for PAM and NSS

   AtΥi|ݭnʺAaJQ ldd Ҩ禡wCpGASѨ禡w
   oǶءAA|bn (log in) ΨϥΧA bootdisk ɾDJxC
   
  PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules)
  
   pGAtΨϥ PAM (Pluggable Authentication Modules) AAb
   A bootdiskW PAM @ǹwơC²ӨA PAM O@ؽKҲդ
   kAwϥΪ̻{ҥHαϥΪ̹AȪsC@ӨMwAtάO_
    PAM ²kAOA login iɰ ldd FpGX]A
   libpam.so AANݭn PAM C
   
   BaAwʳq`ëD bootdisk ߪĳDA]ڦs
   vHAq`వL̵LצpQơC]AAiHĦa PAM A
   unbA root filesystem yX@²檺 /etc/pam.conf ɡAoɬݰ_
   ӹoˡG
     _________________________________________________________________
   
OTHER   auth       optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
OTHER   account    optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
OTHER   password   optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
OTHER   session    optional     /lib/security/pam_permit.so
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   аOo] copy /lib/security/pam_permit.so oɨA root filesystem
   CoӨ禡wuj 8K A]uηpq overhead C
   
   аOooӲպA]w\HoxWɮץHΪAȦ㪺svC
   pGA]YزzѦӦbGA bootdisk wʡAAN copy @ǩάO
   AwЪ PAM setup A root filesystem CнTwJӦaŪL PAM
   AåB copy b /lib/security һݭn禡wA root
   filesystem WC
   
   APɥ]t /lib/libpam.so A bootdisk WCOAwoơA]
   Aw /bin/login L ldd Aoʧ@ܤF̩ۨʡC
   
  NSS (Name Service Switch)
  
   pGAϥ glibc (aka libc6) AANW٪A (name switch) i
   wơA_hA|Lk log in C /etc/nsswitch.conf oɮױƮwU
   AȤjM (lookups) CpGAäqWsA (pG DNS
   NIS jM)AAuݭnǳƤ@²檺 nsswitch.conf ɡAoɮ׬ݰ_
   oˡG
     _________________________________________________________________
   
     passwd:     files
     shadow:     files
     group:      files
     hosts:      files
     services:   files
     networks:   files
     protocols:  files
     rpc:        files
     ethers:     files
     netmasks:   files
     bootparams: files
     automount:  files
     aliases:    files
     netgroup:   files
     publickey:  files
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   o˴NwC@AȥuQ local files ѡCAPɻݭn]A
   /lib/libnss_files.so.X Ab X O 1 ܬO glibc 2.0 A 2 ܬO
   glibc 2.1 CoӨ禡wNQHʺA覡JHBzɮ׷jMC
   
   pGAqA bootdisk sAA|Qns@@ӧ륩
   nsswitch.conf ɡCӸ`аѦ nsswitch man pageC̫AаOoAA
   ҫwC@ A (service) A /lib/libnss_service.so.1 ɩJ
   bootdisk C
   
4.5 Ҳ -- Modules

   pGA@ӼҲդƪ kernel AAҶqb}AAQnqA
   bootdisk WJ@ؼҲաCAi|Qn]A ftape P zftape Ҳ (pG
   AƥϱaOfloppy tape)AHε SCSI ]ƥΪҲ (pGA SCSI ]
   )A]iO PPP  SLIP 䴩Ҳ (pGAb污pUQns)C
   
   oǼҲեi|Qb /lib/modules CAPɤ]ӥ]A insmod, rmmod P
   lsmod CھڧAO_Qn۰ʦaJҲաAAi]n]A modprobe, depmod
   P swapout CpGAϥ kerneldAлP /etc/conf.modules @_]AiӡC
   
   MӡAϥμҲժDnuIbAiHD (non-critical)Ҳղ
   utility disk WAbݭnΨɤ~JAo˦bA root disk W|ϥΤ
   ֪ŶCpGAnBz\hP]ơAoӤkإߤ@Ӥؤ䴩\h]
   ƪj kernel ӱonC
   
   Ъ`NAFҰ (boot) @Y ext2 filesystem AA ramdisk
   P ext2 䴩C ̤HҲժ覡QѡC 
   
4.6 @ǳ̫᪺Ӹ` -- Some final details

   YǨtε{AѦp login A /var/run/utmp ɻP /var/log ؿsb
   A|oXĵiCҥHG
   
        mkdir -p /mnt/var/{log,run{
        touch /mnt/var/run/utmp

   ̫AbA]w (set up) ҦAһݪ禡wA ldconfig Hb
   root filesystemWss@ (remake) /etc/ld.so.cache Co cache |iD
   loader ̧禡wCnss@ ld.so.cacheAФUFHUOG
        chdir /mnt; chroot /mnt /sbin/ldconfig

   chroot OnA] ldconfig `O| root filesystem ss@ cache
   C
   
4.7 Wrapping it up

   @A root filesystem غcu@AN unmount AN copy @
   ɮרYG
        umount /mnt
        dd if=DEVICE bs=1k | gzip -v9 > rootfs.gz

   AA|@ӦW rootfs.gz ɮסAoNOAQYL root
   filesystemCAˬd size HTOb@inФWFpGA
   AN^ò@ɮסC [15]Reducing root filesystem size o`@
   ǴܡAiDA root filesystem  size C
   
5. ܤ@ kernel -- Choosing a kernel

   {bAAw@ӧ㪺QYLroot filesystemCU@BOnإߩάO
   @ kernel CbjpUA copy AثeҨϥΪ kernel åBq
   ʳnФOi઺CMӡA|@ǱpAA|Ʊإߤ@ӿWߪ
   (separate) kernel C
   
   zѤ@O size ҶqCpGAإߤ@i@ boot/root ϤA kernel
   N|OϤW̤jɮפ@A]]Aɥia kernel  size C
   F kernel size AХί䴩ҷQntΤn̰_X]ƨӫإ
   kernel CoOhAҤQnC@C\OiHhnܡAt~
   ٦B@A boot/root filesystem ɡAAҤݭnϺоP䥦]
   ƪ䴩CpPezAA kernel  ramdisk P ext2 䴩ة䤤C
   
   pGAw@M̰_X (minimum) ]ƲզXHKNJ kernel A
   򱵤UӧAݭn}lin⤰[J^ӡCγ\@M boot/root Ϥդ̱`
   γ~AOFnˬdP^_ (restore) @Ӥwl root file system A
   ӬFFoӥؼСAAݭn kernel 䴩C|ҨӻApGAƥb
   ϱaWAèϥ Ftape sAϱaAApGAhFAثeroot
   drivePt Ftape  drive AANqAƥϱai^_xsCAN
   sw Linux AUí ftape AMյŪAƥC
   
   BnIOALקAw[J I/O 䴩A kernel H䴩ƥAAP
   ɤ]ӧ⥦̥[JA boot/root kernel C
   
   ګسy kernel {ǸԭzbH kernel 󤤡CAiHaӵ۫
   ܶiAҥHiH /usr/src/linux _ICpGAbسy kernel WxA
   Aγ\ӥϤܤqaسy boot/root systems CаOo ``make
   zImage''Y kernel C
   
6. ⥦̩b@_Gs@Ϥ() -- Putting them together: Making the
diskette(s)

   io̡AAwg@ kernel P@Y root filesystem CpGA
   bs@@i boot/root ϤAˬd̪ size AHTw̳bP@i
   ϤWCpGAbs@@MiϤ boot + root ϤաCˬd root
   filesystem HTwb@iϤWC
   
   AӨMwO_ϥ LILO HҰ bootdisk kernel CNkO
   kernel copy ϤWAMᤣϥ LILO }Cϥ LILO nBbA
   Ѥ@ǰѼƵ kernel AoǰѼƹlƵwӻiOn(ˬdA
   tΤW /etc/lilo.conf ɡCpGoɦsbAӥB@湳``append=...''
   AAiݭnoӯSI (feature))Cϥ LILO Ibسy bootdisk ܱo
   󬰽AåBεyhŶCAN]w@ӤpӿWߪ
   filesystem Aڭ̺٤ kernel filesystemAb䤤Aǰe kernel HΤ@
   LILO һݪ䥦ɮסC
   
   pGANnϥ LILO A~ŪUhFpGAnǰe kernel AL
   A [16]Without using LILO o@`C
   
6.1  LILO ǰe kernel -- Transferring the kernel with LILO

   AҥĤ@ƬO LILO sg@ӤpպAɡCoɬݰ_ӹo
   G
     _________________________________________________________________
   
        boot      =/dev/fd0
        install   =/boot/boot.b
        map       =/boot/map
        read-write
        backup    =/dev/null
        compact
        image     =KERNEL
        label     =Bootdisk
        root      =/dev/fd0
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   oǰѼƪЬ LILO's user documentation CAγ\]|QqAw
   W /etc/lilo.conf ɡA[J@ append=... oӲպAɤC
   
   oӲպAɦs bdlilo.conf C
   
   {bAs@@ӤpɮרtΡAڭ̺٤ kernel filesystem AO
   root filesystem C
   
   AXo filesystem ӷ|hjC blocks pA kernel 
   size (o size  ``ls -l KERNEL'' ܥXӡAOQ 1024 Ұñji
   )AM[ 50 Co 50 blocks OpŶA inodes P䥦ɮשһ
   CpGAQnAAiHTapoӼƦrAάON 50 NnFCpGAb
   s@iϤϤաAA|oӪŶA]LצpĤ@iϤu
   kernel ϥΡCڭ̺ٳoӼƦr| KERNEL_BLOCKS C
   
   ЧnФJnо (D²KAڭ̰]O /dev/fd0)AMbWs@
   ext2 kernel filesystem C
        mke2fs -i 8192 -m 0 /dev/fd0 KERNEL_BLOCKS

   ``-i 8192'' wڭ̷QnC 8192 bytes @ node CUӡA mount o
   filesystem A lost+found ؿAMᬰ LILO yX dev P boot o
   ؿG
        mount /dev/fd0 /mnt
        rm -rf /mnt/lost+found
        mkdir /mnt/{boot,dev}

   AӡAyX] /dev/null P /dev/fd0 CδM]ƸXAAunqA
   wФW -R copy̡G
        cp -R /dev/{null,fd0} /mnt/dev

   LILO ݭn@ boot loader  copy A boot.b AAiHqAwбo
   Cq`Ob /boot ؿC
        cp /boot/boot.b /mnt/boot

   ̫AHA kernel A copy AbW@`ҽsg LILO պAɡC̨
   iHQbڥؿUC
        cp bdlilo.conf KERNEL /mnt

   LILO һݪC@{bb kernel filesystemWAҥHAwǳƦnh楦C
   LILO  -r X(flag)QΧ@w boot loader bYӨ䥦 root WG
        lilo -v -C bdlilo.conf -r /mnt

   LILO ӥiHbLpUAbAAiHݬݧA kernel
   filesystem AӪooˡG
     _________________________________________________________________
   
total 361
  1 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          176 Jan 10 07:22 bdlilo.conf
  1 drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jan 10 07:23 boot/
  1 drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root         1024 Jan 10 07:22 dev/
358 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root       362707 Jan 10 07:23 vmlinuz
boot:
total 8
  4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root         3708 Jan 10 07:22 boot.b
  4 -rw-------   1 root     root         3584 Jan 10 07:23 map
dev:
total 0
  0 brw-r-----   1 root     root       2,   0 Jan 10 07:22 fd0
  0 crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   3 Jan 10 07:22 null
     _________________________________________________________________
   
   pGɮ size MAۤv filesystem yLPAФξߡC
   
   {bЧϤdbnоAMei [17]Setting the ramdisk word o@
   `C
   
6.2 ϥ LILO Ӷǰe kernel -- Transferring the kernel without LILO

   pGA  ϥLILOAN dd OӶǰe kernel  bootdisk G
        % dd if=KERNEL of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
        353+1 records in
        353+1 records out

   boӨҤlA dd gJF 353 ӧO(records) + 1partial record A
   ҥH kernel ΤF 354 ӳnФ blocks CoӼƦr٬ KERNEL_BLOCKS
   AаOoAoӼƦrnU@`ϥΡC
   
   ̫Aг]w root device nФۤvAMA]w root nQJ
   read/write G
        rdev /dev/fd0 /dev/fd0
        rdev -R /dev/fd0 0

   bĤG rdev OAФpߦaϥ -R C
   
6.3 ]wramdisk -- Setting the ramdisk word

   b kernel imageO ramdisk word AH䥦ﶵAwF root
   filesystem Ӧb̳QCo word |QH rdev OAӶisP]
   wAӥeQpUG
   
        bits  0-10:     Offset to start of ramdisk, in 1024 byte blocks
        bits 11-13:     unused
        bit     14:     Flag indicating that ramdisk is to be loaded
        bit     15:     Flag indicating to prompt before loading rootfs

   pG bit 15 Q]wAb} (boot-up) A|ܧA@isnФJn
   оCo@MϤ}ϤըӻOnC
   
   ̾ڧAOسy@i@ boot/root ϤA٬Oi "boot + root" Ϥ
   Ao̷|ͨرpC
   
    1. pGAOسy@i@ϤAY root filesystem |Qmb kernel
       AҥH offset |OĤ@ free block (oӭӷ|P
       KERNEL_BLOCKS ۵) C Bit 14 |Q]w 1 A bit 15 |Q]w
       0 C |ҨӻA]Aسy@i@ϤA root filesystem N
       block 253 (10i)}lCA ramdisk word ӬO 253 (10i)
       A bit 14 ] 1  bit 15 ] 0 CnpoӭȡAAiH²a[@
       [o 10 iƦrC 253 + (2^14) = 253 + 16384 = 16637 CpGA
       QFѳoӼƦrqӨӡAoƦru{pWAM⥦ഫ
        2 iA
    2. pGAسyO@MϤաA root filesystem N۲ĤGiϤ
       block 0 }lAҥH offset  0 C Bit 14 ] 1  bit 15 ] 1 C
       boӱpUA 10 iȬO 2^14 + 2^15 = 49152 C
       
   bJӦa ramdisk word pAХ rdev -r ]wCЪ`Nnϥ 10 i
    ȡCpGAϥ LILO Aǵ rdev ޼ƦbӬO mounted kernel
   path Ap /mnt/vmlinuzFpGA dd  copy kernel Aϥγn
   W( p /dev/fd0)C
        rdev -r KERNEL_OR_FLOPPY_DRIVE  VALUE

   pGAϥ LILO A{bЧϤ unmount C
   
6.4 ǰeroot filesystem -- Transferring the root filesystem

   ̫@BOnǰe root filesystem C
   
     * pG root filesystem NQmb kernel  ۦP ϤWAШϥ
       dd OΨ seek ﶵǰeAo|wnLh֭ blocks G
        dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k seek=KERNEL_BLOCKS
     * pG root filesystem |Qmb ĤGi ϤWAЦۺϺоĤ@
       inФMJĤGiϺФA۱N root filesystem ǰeWG
        dd if=rootfs.gz of=/dev/fd0 bs=1k
       
   ߧAAwgFI
   
   b bootdisk ϥΤeAаOoե !pGA~A
   ~ŪUhC
   
7. DѨM -- Troubleshooting, or The Agony of Defeat

   سy bootdisks ɡA}lXյG``OLk}Cسy@i root
   disk @kOզXӦۧA{tΪ (compnents) A۹ջPo
   oӥHϤ¦t (diskette-based system) A쥦b console W
   ܰTC@}lPA͡Ao԰N@bFA]AiHFѥb
   褰AӥBAiHѨMӧODܨtί७aB@CpGtΰB@
   ӨS󻡩Ano]|O@xơCFtίҰʨPA
   ͪqAoݭnϥΨnXؤAӥBoǤngLTaպACHU
   OլdtεLkPAͤDĳ{ǡG
   
     * A|ݨ@ToˡG
kernel panic: VFS: Unable to mount root fs on XX:YY
       oO`DAӥu@ǭ]CAЮھ device code Mˬd
       device XX:YY FOT root device  ?pGOAAiS
       L rdev -R AΪ̬OAO~ image rdev -RCpG device
       code OTAХJӦaˬdQsĶA kernel  device Xʵ{
       CнTwسnФB ext2 filesystem 䴩C
     * pGAݨ\h~TOG
end_request: I/O error, dev 01:00 (ramdisk), sector NNN
       oO ramdisk driver ҳi I/O ~TAiO] kernel 
       gJWVF]ƪCA ramdisk ]ӤpӤA root
       filesystem CˬdA bootdisk kernel lưTA@湳OG
        Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 4096K size
       аw root filesystem gY sizeˬdWz size CpG
       ramdisks jANjaC
     * ˬd root disk ڤW]tAһ{ӳQ]tؿC Copy ~
        level OeǪ~AHP̫bA root ϺФWAA|
       O /rootdisk/bin ؿAӫD /binC
     * ˬdO_ /lib/libc.so AӥO_PAwФ /lib ؿ
       ۦP link C
     * ˬdAJst /dev ؿ symbolic links O_Pɤ]sbA
       root ϺФ filesystem WAbA links OsAw]AbA
       root ϺФW devices CרObܦhpUA /dev/console linksO
       ̰򥻪C
     * ˬdAO_w]AF /dev/tty1, /dev/null, /dev/zero, /dev/mem,
       /dev/ram P /dev/kmem oɮסC
     * ˬdA kernel պA]w - 󪽨nI (login point) һݤ
       귽䴩QءAϥμҲաCҥH ramdisk P ext2 䴩
       Q C
     * ˬdA kernel root device P ramdisk ]wO_TC
       
   HWwg[\@볡AHUO@ǧSwɮ׻PˬdءG
   
    1. нTw init OH /sbin/init  /bin/init ΦQ]AiӡCåBT{
       Oi檺C
    2. а ldd init Hˬd init 禡wCq`oӴNO libc.so AO
       Lצp٬Oˬd@UCнTwAwJFƪ禡wP loadersC
    3. нTwA⥿T loader A禡w -- ld.so O a.out 
       ld-linux.so O ELF C
    4. аw getty (άY getty {AѦp agetty, mgetty 
       getty_ps)IsAˬdAbootdisk filesystemW /etc/inittabCаw
       AwЪ inittab ˬd⦸CAˬdAҨϥΪ{ man pages HTw
       oǬONqC inittab iO̸޲A]ykPeA
       کҨϥΪ init {PtΥӦҤPCѨMߤ@DNOh\Ū
       init P inittab man pagesAMATaXJstζ}ɩҰ
       CˬdHTw /etc/inittab @ӨtΪlƪO (entry) C
       ]A@ӫOH楲wsbtΪl script C
    5. pP init AA getty  ldd HFѥݭnAPɽTwƪ
       禡wɮ׻P loaders O_QJA root filesystem C
    6. нT{AwJ@ shell { (e.g., bash or ash)AAҦ
        rc scripts C
    7. pGbAϴϤWA@ /etc/ld.so.cache ɮסAЭss@
       (remake) C
       
   pG init ҰʡAOAoo@TOG
        Id xxx respawning too fast: disabled for 5 minutes

   OӦ۩ init Aq`X getty  login Q׵un init ҰʡCˬd
   getty P login iɻP̪ۨ禡wCнTwb /etc/inittab Is
   (invocations) OTCpGAoӦ getty _ǰTAiO
   /etc/inittab Is榡O~C
   
   pGAo@ login  (prompt) AMAJ@ӦĪ login name A
   OtΫoߧYܧAnJt@ login name AoӰDiOXb
   PAM  NSS CЬ [18]PAM and NSS o@`CD]iOAϥ shadow
   passwords ӧAoS copy /etc/shadow A bootdisk WC
   
   pGAեhYӥiɡAѦp df AӳoӰɬObAϴϤW
   AɫoX{o˪TG df: not found AoɽˬdơG(1)нT
   w]tGiɪؿ]wbA PATH A(2)нTwA{һݪ禡w
   (P loaders)C
   
8. 䥦UإDD -- Miscellaneous topics

8.1  root filesystem  size -- Reducing root filesystem size

    root filesystem |]ӤjӵLkJ@inФAƦܦbYL٬O
   oˡCo̦@Ǥki filesystem  size G
   
    1. W[ϺФK (density) C ̷ӹw]AnФ|H 1440 K Ӷi榡
       ơAO{b]󰪱Kת榡C fdformat|HU sizes Ϥi
       榡ơG 1600, 1680, 1722, 1743, 1760, 1840, H 1920 Cj
       1440 K nоi䴩 1722 K Aڤ@OϥγoӨӻs@ bootdisks C
       аѦ fdformat man pageP
       /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt C
    2. A shell C @Ǧb Linux Wsw諸 shells AѦp bash P
       tcsh AO۷jBݭn\h禡wC Light-weight ܩOsbAѦp
       ash, lsh, kiss P smashA̤pܦhӥBuݭnܤ (άOݭn)禡
       wCjoǥΨӥN shells iHb
       [19]http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/shells/ oCнTw
       AҨϥΪ shell AAbA bootdisk Ҧ rc ɮפ
       OC
    3. Rh禡wPGi C ܦh禡wPGiɤ@ӨOQRh (
       ]Adebugging symbols)CpGpAoɮװ file |iDA
       ``not stripped'' C  copy GiɨA root filesystem ɡAoO
       @ӦnmߥhϥΡG
      objcopy --strip-all FROM TO
        copy 禡wɡAнTwϥΪO strip-debug ӤO strip-all C
    4. pGAbs@ root filesystem ɡARβʹLhɮסAЦAss@@
       CЬݤWz󤣭nb filesystem  dirty blocks nʪ`N
       ƶC
    5. ʫDɮרuϤ (utility disk) W C pGA@ǤGi
        boot  login ӻëDߧYݭnAANiH⥦̲uϤW
       CӸ`Ь [20]Building a utility disk o@`CAP˥iҼ{
       modules uϤWC
       
8.2 Non-ramdisk root filesystems

   [21]Building a root filesystem o@`ܥHسy@Y root
   filesystem A|btζ}ɳQJ ramdisk CoӤk\huIA
   Hq`ĥΦkCMӡA@ǥu@IIO骺tεLktᦹkһݪ
   RAM A]AoǨtΥϥΪqnФW root filesystems C
   
   o˪ filesystems ڤWY root filesystems eسyA]
   iHQyb@iϤWAӫDYӨ䥦]ƤWAt~A̤]QYC
   ezܮɡAڭ̱Nԭzӵ{ǪnICpGAܳo˰AаOoAi
   oѾl Ŷ|ܤ C
   
    1. ЭpANh֪Ŷi root files ϥΡC pGAسyO@i@
       boot/root ϤAAҦ kernel  blocks HΩҦ root
       filesystem  blocks eǩP@iϤWC
    2. ϥ mke2fs AbA size nФWyX@ root filesystem C
    3. pPezkޤJ filesystem C
    4. A unmount  filesystem åBǰeϤ@ӺϤɮסAO
       nY C
    5. HezkA kernel ǰe@inФWCp ramdisk word 
       A  bit 14 ] 0 AHܤn root filesystem J ramdisk
       CХHezk rdev OC
    6. pPHAǰe root filesystem C
       
   nXر|AiĥΡCpGAسyO@MϤաAAiH⧹㪺
   root filesystemسybĤGiϤWAӥBAäݭn⥦ǰe@ӵwɮ
   MAs^ϤWCP˦aApGAسyO@i@ boot/root ϤӥB
    LILO AAiHbiϤWإ @ filesystemA]t kernel B
   LILO files P root files AMun LILO ̫@BC
   
8.3 سy@iuϤ -- Building a utility disk

   سy@iuϤ۹ӻ²hF -- unb@iw榡ƪϤWyX@
   filesystem AM copy ɮשWYiCF bootdisk @_ϥΥAЦb
   tαҰʥHAΤʪ覡 mount C
   
   beܤAڭ̴ utility disk iHQ mount  /usr Cbo
   pUAGiɥiHQbA utility disk  /bin ؿAHKN
   /usr/bin ]JA path iHs̡CGiɩһݤ䥦禡wQb
   utility disk  /lib ؿC
   
   ]p utilitu disk ɡAXӭInOG
   
    1. n䪺tΤGiɩΨ禡w utility disk WA]t
       QҰʤeA utility disk |QWAWɮפ]LkѨtΨϥ
       C
    2. APɦs@inФP@xϱaCNpGA@xϱaA
       Abϥ (mount) utility disk ɡAANsxϱaC
    3. s utility disk Wɮ׷|ܺCC
       
   [22]Sample utility disk directory listing ѤFutility diskɮפ
   CHUO@ǫĳ@ǧA|o{ΪɮסGˬdPާ@Ϥ(format,
   fdisk)B filesystems (mke2fs, fsck, debugfs, isofs.o){Ap
   s边 (elvis, jove)AYPɮפu (gzip, tar, cpio, afio), ϱau
   (mt, tob, taper)AqTu (ppp.o, slip.o, minicom)P]ƨϥΪu
   (setserial, mknod)C
   
9. How the pros do it

   ziwg`NAǳQѦp SlackwareBRedHatBDebian Dn
   distribution ҨϥΪ bootdisks AG񥻤夤Ҵyz٭nӱo\h
   CM~ distribution bootdisks HbҴXۦPh¦AOĥ
   UU˪ޥA]̪ bootdisks @B~ݨDCĤ@Ḁ
   bUؤPwWB@AҥH̥PϥΪ̤ʡAåBJU
   U˪]Xʵ{CĤGḀǳƥH\hPw˿ﶵBP۰
   Ƶ{רӹB@C̫A distribution bootdisks q`XFw˺ϤPϴ
   OC
   
   Y bootdisks ϥΦW initrd(initial ramdisk)SʡCoӯSʤjb
   2.0.x ɤޤJA\ kernel Hⶥq}C kernel }ɡAq
   boot disk J@initial ramdiskMɡCo initial ramdisk O@
   root filesystem A]t@Ӧbu root fs QJeҰ檺{Co
   {q`|ˬd@~ҡA H/ nDϥΪ̿ܤP}ﶵAҦp
   q@ӳ]ƸJu rootdisk C@ӻA|JQئb kernel
   B~ҲաCoӪl (initial) { (exit) ɡA kernel NJ
   u root MɡA}ʧ@N̤@뱡p~UhCYni@Bo
   initrd TAиԾ\AW
   [23]/usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt AH
   [24]ftp://elserv.ffm.fgan.de/pub/linux/loadlin-1.6/initrd-example.tgz
   C
   
   HUOC@a distributionw˺ϤpB@KnAoKnH˾\
   (inspect) ̪filesystems H/ ̪lX¦Cڭ̤Oҳo
   TTL~AάO۱qnotedHӡAoǹB@覡QܡC
   
   Slackware(v.3.1) ϥΤ@ػP [25]Transferring the kernel with LILO o`
   ҴyzeV (straightforward) LILO }kC Slackware 
   bookdisk Q LILO  T ѼƦLX@ bootup T ("Welcome to the
   Slackware Linux boot kernel disk!") CpnܡAo̷|ܨϥΪ̿
   J@Ӷ}ѼƦ(boot parameter line)Cb}A@rootɮרtη|q
   ĤGiϤJCɨϥΪ̳_(invoke)@ setup scriptAoscriptN
   ʦw˵{ǡCSlackwareëDϥΤ@ӼҲդ kernel AۤϦaAѳ\hP
    kernel AåBaϥΪ̦ۤvܤ@ӲŦX L/o wݨD kernel C
   
   RedHat(v.4.0) ]ϥ LILO }kCqĤ@iϤJ@Y ramdisk
   Aoʧ@@ custom init {Coӵ{dXʵ{AMApn
   ܡAq supplemental ϤJB~ɮסC
   
   Debian(v1.3) iO̽w˺ϤCϥ SYSLINUX loader hwƦU
   U˪JﶵAMϥΤ@ initrd MɫܨϥΪ̧w˵{ǡC
   MϥΤF@ӫȻsƪ init P@ӫȻsƪ shell ̡C
   
10. `D (FAQ) C -- Frequently Asked Question (FAQ) list

   Q. ڱqڪ boot/root Ϥ}AO򳣶]XӡCڲ{b ?
   
   Ьݤe [26]Troubleshooting o`C
   
   Q. Slackware/Debian/RedHat  bootdisk pB@ ?
   
   Ьݤe [27]What the pros do o`C
   
   Q. ڭnpH XYZ Xʵ{s@@i}Ϥ ?
   
   ²檺kOhqA̪ Slackware Mg@ Slackware 
   kernel C Slackware  kernel O@몺 (generic) kernel Ao kernel
   ϱN\h]ƪXʵ{ia]t䤤A]ApA@ SCSI
   IDEAոլݡAܦi०Xʵ{|b Slackware  kernel 
   C
   
    a1 ؿAåB̾ڧAҾ֦A IDE  SCSI ̤@
   kernel Cҿܪ kernel ˵ xxxxkern.cfg ɡAåBhFѳo
   kernel Ҿ֦Xʵ{CpGAQnϥΪ]ƦboCAoӲ
   X kernel NӯΨӶ}CU xxxxkern.tgz ɡAåBΤeb
   making boot disks `ҴyzkA copy A}ϤC
   
   MAˬdb kernel  root ]ơAϥ rdev zImage oӫOC
   rdev Nܥثeb kernel  root ]ơCpGoMAҷQn root ]Ƥ
   PAϥ rdev ܥC|ҨӻAڸժ kernel ]w /dev/sda2 A
   Oڪ root SCSI partition O /dev/sda8 CFϥ root ϤAAN
   ϥγoӫO rdev zImage dev/fd0/ C
   
   pAٷQDp set up @i Slackware  root ϤAoNwgWXo
   HOWTO dAҥHګĳAd\ Linux Install Guide AάO]ko
   Slackware distribution CԱЬݦbo HOWTO AD ``Reference''
   `C
   
   Q. ڦpHsɮקsڪ root Ϥ ? 
   
   ²檺kOq rootdisk copy ɮרtΦ^AҨϥΪ DEVICE (qe
    [28]Creating the filesystem o`ӱo)CM᱾WoɮרtΨåBi
   ܰʧ@CAOA root ɮרtαq̶}lAHΥFh
   blockG
        dd if=/dev/fd0 bs=1k skip=ROOTBEGIN count=BLOCKS | gunzip > DEVICE
        mount -t ext2 DEVICE /mnt

   bܤApPe@˶iUh (b [29]Wrapping it up o`) A
   åB root filesystem ǰe^iϤWCpGAèSܷs root
   filesystem ҩlmAAӤΦA kernel AάOsp ramdisk
    wordC
   
   Q. ڭnp󲾰 LILO AnگA DOS } ? 
   
   oӰDëDuO Bootdisk @ӥDDAuOoӰD``QݨCb
   Linux ҤUAAiHG
   
        /sbin/lilo -u

   A]iHϥ dd oӫOQ LILO xsƥA copy }ϰϤWCp
   GAQno˰AаѦ LILO C
   
   b DOS P Windows ҤUAAiHϥγo DOS OG
   
        FDISK /MBR

   MBR O Master Boot Record(Dn}O)YgA|Τ@Ӱb DOS }
   ϰϡA쥻}ϰϡAӥBoӰʧ@|vT partition table C@
   }H (purists) äPNo@IAiONs LILO @̡A Werner
   Almesberger APN@kCoӧ@k²AӥBΡC
   
   Q. pGڿ򥢤Fڪ kernel P ڪ}ϤAڭnp} ? 
   
   pGAèS@iwǳƦn}ϤA²檺@kiOn̷ӧAϺб
    (IDE  SCSI) o@ Slackware kernel ApPeҭz ``
   pXXXXʵ{s@@i}Ϥ ?'' CMANiHγo kernel }
   AۭײzlaaC
   
   Ao kernel iSPAQnϺкM partition ۹ root ]
   ƶC|ҨӻA Slackware  generic SCSI kernel P /dev/sda2 ۹
    root]ƶAMӡAڪ root Linux partition Ob /dev/sda8 Cb
   pUA kernel  root ]ƱNQܡC
   
   AMiH kernel  root ]ƻP ramdisk ]wAaϧAWu@
   kernel MYب䥦@~tΡA DOS C
   
   rdev ǵۧܦb kernel ɮ׸̡AbTw첾m (offset) WȡAӧ
   kernel ]wA]ApGAW@ hex s边 (on whatever systems
   you do still have running) AAiHۦP -- Ҧpb DOS ҤU
   Norton Utilities Disk Editor CۡAAݭniˬdApGnܡAAo
    kernel ɮ׸̡AbHU첾mWȡG
   
HEX(16i)     DEC(10i)  DESCRIPTION(γ~yz)
0x01F8           504          RAMDISK wordCr (Low byte of RAMDISK word)
0x01F9           505          RAMDISK wordr (High byte of RAMDISK word
)
0x01FC           508          Root minor]ƸX - Ԩ
0X01FD           509          Root major]ƸX - Ԩ

    ramdisk word Agbe [30]Setting the ramdisk word o`
   ̡C
   
   Major P minor ]ƸX]AQnA root filesystem W]
   ơC@ǥiѿܪΰѦҼƭȦpUG
   
DEVICE          MAJOR MINOR
/dev/fd0            2     0   Ĥ@xnо
/dev/hda1           3     1   bĤ@IDEwФWpartition 1
/dev/sda1           8     1   bĤ@SCSIwФWpartition 1
/dev/sda8           8     8   bĤ@SCSIwФWpartition 8

   @A]wFoǭȡAUӧAiHNoɮ׼gJ@iϤAAiHQ
   Norton Utilities Disk Editor AMNOQΦW rawrite.exe o{
   Co{bҦ distribution oCo{O@bDOSҤU
   {ANɮ׼gJ@i ``raw'' disk Aq}ϰ϶}lgJAӤON
   ɮ׼gJɮרtΡCpGAϥ Norton Utilities AANɮ׼gJ@i
   ϤAqϤY}lgJC
   
   Q. ڭnps@ boot/root ϤB~ƥ ? 
   
   ]ϩʴCib@qɶDJl`AAӫOdXiAϴϤƥ
   AHӪ@QqŪC
   
   s@ϤƥA]A}λPε{ (utility) ϤA²檺kO
   Q dd oӫOAh copy ӨiϤeAwФW@ɮפA
   MAάۦPONoɮ copy ^@isϤWCЪ`NAAäݭnA
   ]ӥh mount oiϤA] ddQraw]ƤC
   
   n copy ϤAпJHUOG
   
        dd if=DEVICENAME of=FILENAME

   bA DEVICENAME OoxϺо]ƦW (ĶG/dev/fd0) A
   FILENAME O(sbwФW)XɮɦWCٲ count Ѽ dd hcopy
   iϤ (pGOK׺ϤA 2880  blocks) C
   
   nqWo쪺ɮ copy @isϤWAдJ@isϤÿJۤϪ
   OG
   
        dd if=FILENAME of=DEVICENAME

   Ъ`NAHWQ׬O]Au@xnоCpۦPnоAx
   AAiHQιUOh copy ϤG
   
        dd if=/dev/fd0 of=/dev/fd1

   Q. ڦpbC@}ɡAοJ "ahaxxxx=nn,nn,nn" ?
   
   @xϺг]ƤQ۰ʰɡANn kernel w]ưѼƦr
   AѦpG
   
        aha152x=0x340,11,3,1

   oѼƦriHQ LILO Hƺؤkѵ kernel G
   
     * CtΥH LILO }ɡAAiHbROCJCOCo˰|
       СC
     * AiHϥ LILO  lock orA LILO xsoROCAð
       w]ROCAo˨C}ɡA LILO N|ϥάۦPﶵC
     * AiHb LILO պAɤAϥ append= oӱԭzCЪ`NѼƦrꥲ
       Q޸ (quotes) C
       
   |ҨӻA@ϥΤWzѼƦrꪺ˥ROCNoˡG
   
        zImage  aha152x=0x340,11,3,1 root=/dev/sda1 lock

   pN|ǻ]ưѼƦr굹 kernel APɤ]nD kernel  root ]Ƴ]w
    /dev/sda1 AåBxsROCAH}ɳAϥγoөROCC
   
   HUO@ APPEND ԭz˥G
   
        APPEND = "aha152x=0x340,11,3,1"

   Ъ`NѼƦrbROCW  Q޸AOѼƦrb APPEND ԭz
    @wn Q޸C
   
   t~]Ъ`NAFѼƦr_@ΡA kernel ŦXoӺϺ
   Xʵ{CpGSANSF|h (listen for) oӰѼƦr
   AҥHANsسy@ӥ]twXʵ{ kernel Csإ
   kernel Ӹ`AЦܥؿ /usr/src/linux \Ū README ɡAH Linux
   FAQ P Installation HOWTO C Alternatively AAiHoغϺo@
    generic kernel åBw˥C
   
   b LILO wˤeAjPĳŪ̥ŪL LILO Cpߨϥ BOOT 
   zN|la partition C
   
   Q. b}ɭԡAX{F "A: cannot execute B" ~TC ?
   
   {W٦nXؤPgkQg (hardcoded) bPε{̡CoǼg
   k|bCӦa賣o͡AO̥i໡F@өi
   AbAtΤWQo{AaϧAݨ쥦Nb̡CAiHXO_@Ӥw
   {t@سQgW١AAiHQ strings oӫOAåBQκ޹D
   k (ĶG piping, |) NXzL grep e{XӡC
   
   wgҤlG
     * bYǪA Shutdown  /etc/reboot gb{XAҥH
       reboot Qmb /etc oӥؿUC
     * ] init  kernel sbA init wܤ֬@ӤHaӰD
       C
       
   FץoǰDAOʳoǵ{쥿TؿANO]w (e.g.
   inittab)HVTؿCpháANХ{pP̦bAwФW
   @ˡAJۦPؿAåBpP{bAwФW@ˡAϥάۦP
   inittab P /etc/rc.d ɡC
   
   Q. ڪ kernel 䴩 ramdisk AOol 0K  ramdisk C ?
   
    kernel bi}ʧ@ɡAbDoͤBA|X{@ӹo˪
   kernel TG
        Ramdisk driver initialized : 16 ramdisks of 0K size

   oiO] size wQ kernel ѼƦb}ɳ] 0 CoiOѩ@
   overlooked LILOպA]wɰѼƩҾɭPG
   
    ramdisk= 0

   bYǸª distributions ̡Aoӷ|Q]tb LILO պA]wɼ˥Ao
   b̬OF override  kernel ]wCpGAo˪@A
   C
   
   Ъ`NApGϨϥΤ@ӤwQ]w 0 size  ramdisk Ao˪欰N|
   PiwGAPɤ]| kernel pOnC
   
Appendix

11. 귽P -- Resources and pointers

   @ӮMɡADAnzѡA_hФ@wn̷sC
   
11.1 wn Bootdisks -- Pre-made Bootdisks

   oǬO distribution bootdisks ӷC пܬMgxUHֳoǥD
   tC 
   
     * [31]Slackware bootdisks, [32]rootdisks P [33]Slackware Mgx 
     * [34]RedHat bootdisks P [35]Red Hat Mgx 
     * [36]Debian bootdisks P [37]Debian Mgx 
       
   F distribution bootdisks H~A]iHoHUϴϤMɡCD
   t~SOwA_hoǳib
   [38]http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html ؿ
   C
   
     * tomsrtbt,  Tom Oehser s@AO@iH kernel 2.0 ¦ӻs@X
        boot/root ϤAwith a large set of features and support
       programsC䴩 IDE B SCSI BϱaBdB PCMCIA ٦ܦh䥦
       ]ơC䤤j 100 ؤu{PuiHΨӭ@PƥϺСCM
       ]]t@ script ΨӸĶPغcMɡAHKbnɥiH[Js
        material C
     * rescue02,  John Comyns s@AO@iH kernel 1.3.84 ¦ӻs@
       XӪϴϤA䴩 IDE B Adaptec 1542 P NCR53C7,8xx Cϥ
       ELF iɡAOoOHQbtΤWϥΡC֦
       b}~QJҦ䥦 SCSI dϥΪҲաC]\bu 4
       mb HsO骺tΤWA]ΨF 3 mb ram diskC
     * resque_disk-2.0.22,  Sergei Viznyuk s@AO@MH kernel 2.0.22
       ¦Aؤ䴩 IDE P\hP SCSI dAH ELF/AOUT \
        boot/root ϤCPɤ]]t\hҲաAHΥΨӭγƥwЪ
       u{C
     * [39]cramdisk MɡAH kernel 2.0.23 ¦AiϥΦb 4 meg P 8
       meg WC̥]tFƾǼPu (PPPPdialin script
       BNE2000B3C509)AάO ZIP Ϻо䴩CoǺϤMɥib
        4MB HsO骺 386 DW}C MSDOS 䴩]Q]tb䤤A
       ]AiHqWU DOS partition WC
       
11.2 ϴM -- Rescue packages

   ثeiHq metalab.unc.edu oƺػs@ϴϤMCQγoǮMAA
   iHw]t@ɮסA۳nN|۰ʦai bootdisk s@ (۰ʤƵ{
   ׷|ҤP)CЬ
   [40]http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html Ho
   i@BTC
   
   ХJˬdɮפ C@ǮM󦳼Ʀ~QsAӳoǮMNLk䴩uJ
    ramdisk Y root filesystem vs@CNثeҪA [41]Yard O
   @i䴩MC
   
11.3 LILO -- the Linux loader

    Werner Almesberger gC@uq boot loader A]tF}
   ϤeTAHζ}y{qC
   
   бq [42]ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/lilo/ HFTPUC]i
   Hq Metalab PMgxoC
   
11.4 Linux FAQ P HOWTOs

   oǤiHqѦhӷoCoǤiHqѦhӷoCШ
   usenet sD׾ news.answers P comp.os.linux.announceC
   
   o FAQ iHq [43]http://linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html oA
   HOWTOs iHq [44]http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html oCj
    Linux iHb [45]The Linux Documentation Project homepage 
   oC
   
11.5 RamdiskϥΤk -- Ramdisk usage

   sramdisk {XpB@ԭzAiHbH Linux kernel 
   󤤧CЬ /usr/src/linux/Documentation/ramdisk.txt CoO
    Paul Gortmaker ҽsgAPɥ]tF@`s@Y ramdisk C
   
11.6 Linux}y{ -- The Linux boot process

   YQFLinux}y{hӸ`AHU@ǫܤG
   
     * b [46]http://linuxdoc.org/LDP/sag/c1596.htmlLinux System
       Administrators' Guide A@`O booting C
     * b
       [47]http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-t-21.ps
       .gzLILO ``Technical overview'' A֦}y{@ kernel q
       BQҰʤMw (definitive) ޳NW low-level ԭzC
     * Source code OAûnCHUO@ǻP}y{ kernel
       files CpGA Linux ֤ߪlXAAiHbAW
       /usr/src/linux oɮסF~A Shigo Yamguchi (
       [48]shigio@tamacom.com)D`Ϊ [49]hypertext kernel browser Ai
       HΨŪ kernel source files CHUO@ǥiѰѦҪɮסG
       
                arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S and setup.S ]t bootsector ۤv
                զXXC
                
                arch/i386/boot/compressed/misc.c ]tY kernel {
                XC
                
                arch/i386/kernel/ ]tF kernel lƵ{XؿC
                setup.c wqF ramdisk  word C
                
                drivers/block/rd.c ]t ramdisk Xʵ{C rd_load P
                rd_load_image oӵ{Ǳq@ӳ]ƤJ϶ (blocks) 
                ramdisk C identify_ramdisk_image oӵ{ǨMw쪺
                filesystem OA٦O_OQY filesystem C
                
12. LILO boot error codes

   oǿ~XDɱ`b Usenet WQHAҥHڭ̥HAȪ߱N
   ̪CpUCoKnޥΦ Werner Almsberger  [50]LILO User
   Documentation C
   
    LILO JۤvɡAùW| LILO oӦrCC@Ӧr (letter) |b
   YӯSwʧ@eΤQLbùWCpG LILO bYIW৹
   A즹ҦLXriHΨӿ{XoͤFDC
   
   (nothing)
          LILO SQJC LILO OSQw˦nANO LILO }ϰ
          Ҧb partition ëDϥΤ partition C
          
   L
          Ĥ@q boot loader wQJñҰʡAOLkJĤGq
          boot loader CoǤGƪ~XXDݩ󤰻C(Ь
          "Disk error codes" o@`C)oӱpq`OC~άOX󤣬
          t (geometry mismatch)(|ҨӻA~ϺаѼ)C
          
   LI
          Ĥ@q boot loader JĤGq boot loader AOo
          楦CoӱάO] geometry mismatch άObS
          map installer pUAʤF /boot/boot.b ҳyC
          
   LIL
          ĤGq boot loader wQҰʡAOoq map file J
          descriptor table C@ӨAoO]C~άO geometry
          mismatch ҳyC
          
   LIL?
          ĤGq boot loader QJ@ӤT}C@ӨAoO
          ] subtle geometry mismatch AάObS map installer 
          pUAʤF /boot/boot.b ҳyC
          
   LIL-
          Descriptor table lCoӱάO] geometry mismatch άOb
          S map installer pUAʤF /boot/map ҳyC
          
   LILO
          LILO Ҧw\JC
          
   pGb LILO յ۸J boot image ɡA BIOS oX@ӿ~TA۹
   M (respective)~X|ܥXӡC~Xdq 0x00  0xbb CЬ
   LILO User Guide for an explanation of these C
   
13. Root filesystem C˥ -- Sample root filesystem listings

/:
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 bin
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         4096 Nov  1 15:39 dev
drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 etc
drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 lib
drwx--x--x   5 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 mnt
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 proc
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 root
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 sbin
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 tmp
drwx--x--x   7 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 usr
drwx--x--x   5 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 var

/bin:
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        62660 Nov  1 15:39 ash
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9032 Nov  1 15:39 cat
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10276 Nov  1 15:39 chmod
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9592 Nov  1 15:39 chown
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23124 Nov  1 15:39 cp
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23028 Nov  1 15:39 date
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14052 Nov  1 15:39 dd
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14144 Nov  1 15:39 df
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 egrep
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root          395 Nov  1 15:39 false
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 fgrep
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        69444 Nov  1 15:39 grep
-rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 gunzip
-rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 gzip
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8008 Nov  1 15:39 hostname
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12736 Nov  1 15:39 ln
-rws--x--x   1 root     root        15284 Nov  1 15:39 login
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        29308 Nov  1 15:39 ls
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8268 Nov  1 15:39 mkdir
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8920 Nov  1 15:39 mknod
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        24836 Nov  1 15:39 more
-rws--x--x   1 root     root        37640 Nov  1 15:39 mount
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12240 Nov  1 15:39 mt
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12932 Nov  1 15:39 mv
-r-x--x--x   1 root     root        12324 Nov  1 15:39 ps
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5388 Nov  1 15:39 pwd
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10092 Nov  1 15:39 rm
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            3 Nov  1 15:39 sh -> ash
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        25296 Nov  1 15:39 stty
-rws--x--x   1 root     root        12648 Nov  1 15:39 su
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4444 Nov  1 15:39 sync
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root       110668 Nov  1 15:39 tar
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        19712 Nov  1 15:39 touch
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root          395 Nov  1 15:39 true
-rws--x--x   1 root     root        19084 Nov  1 15:39 umount
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5368 Nov  1 15:39 uname
-rwx--x--x   3 root     root        45436 Nov  1 15:39 zcat

/dev:
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom -> cdu31a
brw-rw-r--   1 root     root      15,   0 May  5  1998 cdu31a
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   0 Nov  1 15:29 console
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  64 Sep  9 19:46 cua0
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  65 May  5  1998 cua1
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  66 May  5  1998 cua2
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     uucp       5,  67 May  5  1998 cua3
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   0 Aug  8 13:54 fd0
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  36 Aug  8 13:54 fd0CompaQ
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  84 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D1040
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  88 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D1120
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  12 Aug  8 13:54 fd0D360
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  16 Aug  8 13:54 fd0D720
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 120 Aug  8 13:55 fd0D800
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  32 Aug  8 13:54 fd0E2880
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 104 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3200
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 108 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3520
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 112 Aug  8 13:55 fd0E3840
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  28 Aug  8 13:54 fd0H1440
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 124 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1600
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  44 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1680
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  60 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1722
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  76 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1743
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  96 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1760
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 116 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1840
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2, 100 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H1920
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Nov  1 15:39 fd0H360 -> fd0D360
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Nov  1 15:39 fd0H720 -> fd0D720
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  52 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H820
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  68 Aug  8 13:55 fd0H830
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   4 Aug  8 13:54 fd0d360
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,   8 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h1200
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  40 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h1440
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  56 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1476
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  72 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1494
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  92 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h1600
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  20 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h360
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  48 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h410
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  64 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h420
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  24 Aug  8 13:54 fd0h720
brw-rw----   1 root     floppy     2,  80 Aug  8 13:55 fd0h880
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   0 May  5  1998 hda
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   1 May  5  1998 hda1
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   2 May  5  1998 hda2
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   3 May  5  1998 hda3
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   4 May  5  1998 hda4
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   5 May  5  1998 hda5
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,   6 May  5  1998 hda6
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  64 May  5  1998 hdb
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  65 May  5  1998 hdb1
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  66 May  5  1998 hdb2
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  67 May  5  1998 hdb3
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  68 May  5  1998 hdb4
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  69 May  5  1998 hdb5
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       3,  70 May  5  1998 hdb6
crw-r-----   1 root     kmem       1,   2 May  5  1998 kmem
crw-r-----   1 root     kmem       1,   1 May  5  1998 mem
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           12 Nov  1 15:39 modem -> ttyS1
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           12 Nov  1 15:39 mouse -> psaux
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       1,   3 May  5  1998 null
crwxrwxrwx   1 root     root      10,   1 Oct  5 20:22 psaux
brw-r-----   1 root     disk       1,   1 May  5  1998 ram
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   0 May  5  1998 ram0
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   1 May  5  1998 ram1
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   2 May  5  1998 ram2
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   3 May  5  1998 ram3
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   4 May  5  1998 ram4
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   5 May  5  1998 ram5
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   6 May  5  1998 ram6
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   7 May  5  1998 ram7
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   8 May  5  1998 ram8
brw-rw----   1 root     disk       1,   9 May  5  1998 ram9
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 ramdisk -> ram0

***  ڥuѧڥثe IDE partition QΪ]ƥ]AiӡC
***  pGAϥ SCSI AЧ /dev/sdXX ]ơC

crw-------   1 root     root       4,   0 May  5  1998 tty0
crw-w-----   1 root     tty        4,   1 Nov  1 15:39 tty1
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   2 Nov  1 15:29 tty2
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   3 Nov  1 15:29 tty3
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   4 Nov  1 15:29 tty4
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   5 Nov  1 15:29 tty5
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   6 Nov  1 15:29 tty6
crw-------   1 root     root       4,   7 May  5  1998 tty7
crw-------   1 root     tty        4,   8 May  5  1998 tty8
crw-------   1 root     tty        4,   9 May  8 12:57 tty9
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       4,  65 Nov  1 12:17 ttyS1
crw-rw-rw-   1 root     root       1,   5 May  5  1998 zero

/etc:
-rw-------   1 root     root          164 Nov  1 15:39 conf.modules
-rw-------   1 root     root          668 Nov  1 15:39 fstab
-rw-------   1 root     root           71 Nov  1 15:39 gettydefs
-rw-------   1 root     root          389 Nov  1 15:39 group
-rw-------   1 root     root          413 Nov  1 15:39 inittab
-rw-------   1 root     root           65 Nov  1 15:39 issue
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          746 Nov  1 15:39 ld.so.cache
-rw-------   1 root     root           32 Nov  1 15:39 motd
-rw-------   1 root     root          949 Nov  1 15:39 nsswitch.conf
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 pam.d
-rw-------   1 root     root          139 Nov  1 15:39 passwd
-rw-------   1 root     root          516 Nov  1 15:39 profile
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root          387 Nov  1 15:39 rc
-rw-------   1 root     root           55 Nov  1 15:39 shells
-rw-------   1 root     root          774 Nov  1 15:39 termcap
-rw-------   1 root     root           78 Nov  1 15:39 ttytype
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 utmp -> ../var/run/utmp
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 wtmp -> ../var/log/wtmp

/etc/pam.d:
-rw-------   1 root     root          356 Nov  1 15:39 other

/lib:
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        45415 Nov  1 15:39 ld-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           11 Nov  1 15:39 ld-linux.so.2 -> ld-2.0.
7.so
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       731548 Nov  1 15:39 libc-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           13 Nov  1 15:39 libc.so.6 -> libc-2.0.7.
so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2 -> libco
m_err.so.2.0
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         6209 Nov  1 15:39 libcom_err.so.2.0
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       153881 Nov  1 15:39 libcrypt-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libcrypt.so.1 -> libcryp
t-2.0.7.so
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12962 Nov  1 15:39 libdl-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libdl.so.2 -> libdl-2.0.
7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           16 Nov  1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2 -> libext
2fs.so.2.4
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        81382 Nov  1 15:39 libext2fs.so.2.4
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        25222 Nov  1 15:39 libnsl-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 libnsl.so.1 -> libnsl-2.
0.7.so
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root       178336 Nov  1 15:39 libnss_files-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           21 Nov  1 15:39 libnss_files.so.1 -> lib
nss_files-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libpam.so.0 -> libpam.so
.0.64
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        26906 Nov  1 15:39 libpam.so.0.64
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           19 Nov  1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0 -> libp
am_misc.so.0.64
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         7086 Nov  1 15:39 libpam_misc.so.0.64
-r-xr-xr-x   1 root     root        35615 Nov  1 15:39 libproc.so.1.2.6
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           15 Nov  1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0 -> libpwdb.
so.0.54
-rw-r-r---   1 root     root       121899 Nov  1 15:39 libpwdb.so.0.54
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           19 Nov  1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2 -> libte
rmcap.so.2.0.8
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12041 Nov  1 15:39 libtermcap.so.2.0.8
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        12874 Nov  1 15:39 libutil-2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           16 Nov  1 15:39 libutil.so.1 -> libutil-
2.0.7.so
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           14 Nov  1 15:39 libuuid.so.1 -> libuuid.
so.1.1
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         8039 Nov  1 15:39 libuuid.so.1.1
drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 modules
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 security

/lib/modules:
drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 2.0.35

/lib/modules/2.0.35:
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 block
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom

/lib/modules/2.0.35/block:
drwx------   1 root     root         7156 Nov  1 15:39 loop.o

/lib/modules/2.0.35/cdrom:
drwx------   1 root     root        24108 Nov  1 15:39 cdu31a.o

/lib/security:
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8771 Nov  1 15:39 pam_permit.so

***   mount ɨϥΪ Directory stubs

/mnt:
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 cdrom
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 floppy

/proc:

/root:
-rw-------   1 root     root          176 Nov  1 15:39 .bashrc
-rw-------   1 root     root          182 Nov  1 15:39 .cshrc
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root          455 Nov  1 15:39 .profile
-rw-------   1 root     root         4014 Nov  1 15:39 .tcshrc

/sbin:
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23976 Nov  1 15:39 depmod
-rwx--x--x   2 root     root       274600 Nov  1 15:39 e2fsck
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        41268 Nov  1 15:39 fdisk
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         9396 Nov  1 15:39 fsck
-rwx--x--x   2 root     root       274600 Nov  1 15:39 fsck.ext2
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        29556 Nov  1 15:39 getty
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6620 Nov  1 15:39 halt
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        23116 Nov  1 15:39 init
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        25612 Nov  1 15:39 insmod
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10368 Nov  1 15:39 kerneld
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root       110400 Nov  1 15:39 ldconfig
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6108 Nov  1 15:39 lsmod
-rwx--x--x   2 root     root        17400 Nov  1 15:39 mke2fs
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4072 Nov  1 15:39 mkfs
-rwx--x--x   2 root     root        17400 Nov  1 15:39 mkfs.ext2
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5664 Nov  1 15:39 mkswap
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        22032 Nov  1 15:39 modprobe
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 reboot -> halt
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7492 Nov  1 15:39 rmmod
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12932 Nov  1 15:39 shutdown
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Nov  1 15:39 swapoff -> swapon
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5124 Nov  1 15:39 swapon
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            4 Nov  1 15:39 telinit -> init
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         6944 Nov  1 15:39 update

/tmp:

/usr:
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 bin
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 lib
drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 man
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 sbin
drwx--x--x   3 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 share
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           10 Nov  1 15:39 tmp -> ../var/tmp

/usr/bin:
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        37164 Nov  1 15:39 afio
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         5044 Nov  1 15:39 chroot
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        10656 Nov  1 15:39 cut
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        63652 Nov  1 15:39 diff
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        12972 Nov  1 15:39 du
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        56552 Nov  1 15:39 find
-r-x--x--x   1 root     root         6280 Nov  1 15:39 free
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7680 Nov  1 15:39 head
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         8504 Nov  1 15:39 id
-r-sr-xr-x   1 root     bin          4200 Nov  1 15:39 passwd
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        14856 Nov  1 15:39 tail
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root        19008 Nov  1 15:39 tr
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         7160 Nov  1 15:39 wc
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         4412 Nov  1 15:39 whoami

/usr/lib:
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root           17 Nov  1 15:39 libncurses.so.4 -> libnc
urses.so.4.2
-rw-r-r---   1 root     root       260474 Nov  1 15:39 libncurses.so.4.2

/usr/sbin:
-r-x--x--x   1 root     root        13684 Nov  1 15:39 fuser
-rwx--x--x   1 root     root         3876 Nov  1 15:39 mklost+found

/usr/share:
drwx--x--x   4 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 terminfo

/usr/share/terminfo:
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 l
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 v

/usr/share/terminfo/l:
-rw-------   1 root     root         1552 Nov  1 15:39 linux
-rw-------   1 root     root         1516 Nov  1 15:39 linux-m
-rw-------   1 root     root         1583 Nov  1 15:39 linux-nic

/usr/share/terminfo/v:
-rw-------   2 root     root         1143 Nov  1 15:39 vt100
-rw-------   2 root     root         1143 Nov  1 15:39 vt100-am

/var:
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 log
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 run
drwx--x--x   2 root     root         1024 Nov  1 15:39 tmp

/var/log:
-rw-------   1 root     root            0 Nov  1 15:39 wtmp

/var/run:
-rw-------   1 root     root            0 Nov  1 15:39 utmp

/var/tmp:

14. u{Ϥ (utility disk) ؿC˥ -- Sample utility disk directory
listing

total 579
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        42333 Jul 28 19:05 cpio
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        32844 Aug 28 19:50 debugfs
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       103560 Jul 29 21:31 elvis
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        29536 Jul 28 19:04 fdisk
-rw-r-r---   1 root     root       128254 Jul 28 19:03 ftape.o
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        17564 Jul 25 03:21 ftmt
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        64161 Jul 29 20:47 grep
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        45309 Jul 29 20:48 gzip
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root        23560 Jul 28 19:04 insmod
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root          118 Jul 28 19:04 lsmod
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            5 Jul 28 19:04 mt -> mt-st
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root         9573 Jul 28 19:03 mt-st
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            6 Jul 28 19:05 rmmod -> insmod
-rwxr-xr-x   1 root     root       104085 Jul 28 19:05 tar
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            5 Jul 29 21:35 vi -> elvis

References

   1. mailto:fawcett+BH@croftj.net
   2. mailto:odiechu@venus.seed.net.tw
   3. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#PreMade
   4. http://www.croftj.net/~fawcett/Bootdisk-HOWTO/index.html
   5. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Troubleshooting
   6. http://linuxdoc.org/copyright.html
   7. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#PreMade
   8. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#NonRamdiskRoot
   9. ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/
  10. http://www.pathname.com/fhs/2.0/fhs-toc.html
  11. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Listings
  12. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Listings
  13. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#UtilityDisk
  14. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Slimfast
  15. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Slimfast
  16. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#TransferringWithoutLILO
  17. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#SettingRamdiskWord
  18. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#PAMandNSS
  19. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/shells/
  20. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#UtilityDisk
  21. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#BuildRoot
  22. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#utilitylist
  23. file://localhost/usr/src/linux/Documentation/initrd.txt
  24. ftp://elserv.ffm.fgan.de/pub/linux/loadlin-1.6/initrd-example.tgz
  25. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#TransferringWithLILO
  26. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Troubleshooting
  27. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#Pros
  28. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#CreatingRootFS
  29. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#WrappingItUp
  30. file://localhost/tmp/zh-sgmltools.10095/Bootdisk-HOWTO.txt.html#SettingRamdiskWord
  31. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/bootdsks.144/
  32. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/slackware/rootdsks/
  33. http://www.slackware.com/getslack/
  34. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/distributions/redhat/current/i386/images/
  35. http://www.redhat.com/mirrors.html
  36. ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/dists/stable/main/disks-i386/current/
  37. ftp://ftp.debian.org/pub/debian/README.mirrors.html
  38. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html
  39. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/images
  40. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/recovery/!INDEX.html
  41. http://www.croftj.net/~fawcett/yard/index.html
  42. ftp://tsx-11.mit.edu/pub/linux/packages/lilo/
  43. http://linuxdoc.org/FAQ/Linux-FAQ.html
  44. http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/HOWTO-INDEX.html
  45. http://linuxdoc.org/
  46. http://linuxdoc.org/LDP/sag/c1596.html
  47. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-t-21.ps.gz
  48. mailto:shigio@tamacom.com
  49. http://www.tamacom.com/tour/linux/index.html
  50. http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/system/boot/lilo/lilo-u-21.ps.gz
